1.Amafomu Okuhlela Isakhiwo
Uhlobo oluzungezile umzila
Umhubhe ongaphandle ungavalwa ngamafasitela noma ungabi namafasitela, usetshenziselwa ukuvakasha nokubeka imishini; izindawo zokufudumeza zingahlelwa ngaphakathi. Amafasitela angaphandle kumele abe amafasitela avaliwe anezingqimba ezimbili.
Uhlobo Lomhubhe Wangaphakathi
Amagumbi okuhlanza ahlelwe engxenyeni engaphandle yendlu kanye nendlu yokuhlanza engaphakathi. Indlu yokuhlanza enjalo ngokuvamile inezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka, elilingana nelendlu yokuhlanza.
Uhlobo olunezinhlangothi ezimbili
Indawo ehlanzekile ihlelwe ohlangothini olulodwa, kuyilapho izindawo ezihlanzekile kancane kanye namakamelo angeziwe zibekwe kolunye uhlangothi.
Uhlobo Oluyinhloko
Ukuze kongiwe ukusetshenziswa komhlaba futhi kufinyezwe imizila yamapayipi, indawo ehlanzekile ithathwa njengesizinda, izungezwe amakamelo ahlukahlukene asekelayo kanye nezikhala zamapayipi ezifihliwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lokhu kuhlelwa kugwema umthelela wesimo sezulu sangaphandle endaweni ehlanzekile, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okupholisa nokushisa, futhi kusiza ukongiwa kwamandla.
2.Indlela Yokuhlanza Abasebenzi
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola okubangelwa imisebenzi yabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza, abasebenzi kumele bagqoke izingubo ezihlanzekile, badlule eshaweni lomoya, bashawe futhi bahlanze amagciwane ngaphambi kokungena endaweni ehlanzekile. Lezi zinqubo zibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanzwa kwabasebenzi. Ukunikezwa komoya kuzonikezwa amakamelo okushintshela izingubo ezihlanzekile ezindaweni zokuhlanza abasebenzi, kugcinwe ingcindezi enhle uma kuqhathaniswa namakamelo okungena kanye nengcindezi encane enhle uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlu zangasese namakamelo okugeza; izindlu zangasese namagumbi okugeza kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi embi.
3.Indlela Yokuhlanza Izinto
Zonke izinto kumele zihlanzwe ngaphambi kokuba zilethwe endaweni ehlanzekile, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanzwa kwezinto. Indlela yokuhlanzwa kwezinto kufanele ihlukaniswe nendlela yokuhlanzwa kwabasebenzi. Uma abasebenzi nezinto kufanele bangene egumbini lokuhlanza endaweni efanayo, kuzosetshenziswa ukufinyelela okukhethekile ngokulandelana, izinto zihlanzwe kuqala. Ezindaweni ezinemigqa yokukhiqiza engaqhubeki, izindawo zokugcina impahla eziphakathi zingase zibekwe eceleni kwendlela yezinto. Emigqeni yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo, kusetshenziswa imizila yezinto eziqondile, enezindawo eziningi zokuhlanzwa nokudlulisa ezifakiwe njengoba kudingeka. Ekwakhiweni kwesistimu, izingxenye zokuhlanzwa ezingahlelekile nezincane zamakamelo okuhlanzwa kwezinto zizokhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokushaywa komoya, ngakho-ke kufanele zigcinwe zinomfutho ongemuhle noma zinomfutho ongemuhle uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo ehlanzekile. Umfutho ongemuhle kufanele futhi ugcinwe ubheke ngasekungeneni lapho ingozi yokungcola iphezulu khona.
4.Ukuhlelwa Kwepayipi
Amakamelo okuhlanza ahlanganisa amapayipi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wonke ahlelwe ngezindlela ezifihliwe kanje:
I-Interlayer Yobuchwepheshe
(1) Ingqimba Yobuchwepheshe Bophahla
Amapayipi okuhambisa umoya kanye namapayipi okubuyisa umoya ahlala engxenyeni enkulu kunazo zonke futhi abekwa phambili ukuze ahlelwe phezulu kwengqimba ephakathi, kube namapayipi kagesi abekwe ngaphansi. Uma i-slab engezansi yengqimba ephakathi inomthwalo owanele, izihlungi kanye nemishini yokukhipha umoya kungafakwa kuyo.
(2) I-Interlayer Yobuchwepheshe Begumbi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingqimba ezingaphakathi kophahla kuphela, lolu hlobo lunciphisa ubuningi bezintambo kanye nokuphakama kwezingqimba ezingaphakathi, futhi alufaki izingqimba zobuchwepheshe zemibhobho yomoya ebuyayo ebuyela emuva kungqimba olungaphezulu. Abalandeli bomoya obuyayo, imishini yamandla kanye namadivayisi okusabalalisa amandla kungahlelwa ku-chute engezansi. I-chute ephezulu yesitezi esisodwa ingasebenza njenge-chute engezansi yesitezi esingenhla.
I-Technical Chute (Udonga Lokuhlukanisa)
Amapayipi avundlile ezingqimbeni ezingenhla nezingezansi avame ukuguqulwa abe amapayipi aqondile, afihlwe ngaphakathi kwezingqimba zobuchwepheshe. Imishini yokusiza engafanele ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwamakamelo okuhlanza ingafakwa kulezi zingqimba, ezingasebenza futhi njengemibhobho yomoya evamile yokubuyisa noma amabhokisi okucindezela angaguquki, futhi zingase zifakwe ama-radiator ashubhu. Iningi lezingqimba zobuchwepheshe lisebenzisa izingxenye ezilula, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwenqubo.
Umgodi Wobuchwepheshe
Ngokungafani nama-chute obuchwepheshe avame ukuboshwa phansi, ama-shaft obuchwepheshe agijima phansi futhi ahlanganiswe unomphela esakhiweni sesakhiwo. Njengoba ama-shaft obuchwepheshe exhuma zonke izitezi, izikhala zezingqimba ezihlanganisiwe kumele zivalwe ngezinto ezinesilinganiso sokumelana nomlilo esingaphansi kwama-slab phansi ngemva kokufakwa kwepayipi ukuze kuvinjelwe umlilo. Ukulungiswa kwenziwa phansi ngephansi kufakwe iminyango yokufinyelela elinganiselwe ngumlilo. Lapho izingqimba zobuchwepheshe, ama-chute noma ama-shaft esebenza ngqo njengemibhobho yomoya, izindawo zazo zangaphakathi kumele ziphathwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo zobuso bangaphakathi begumbi lokuhlanza.
5.Ukuhlelwa Kwegumbi Lemishini
Amakamelo okupholisa umoya kungcono ahlelwe eduze kwamakamelo okuhlanza anesidingo esikhulu somoya ukuze kuncishiswe imizila yokuhambisa umoya. Okwamanje, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamagumbi okuhlanza namakamelo emishini kuyadingeka ukuze kulawulwe umsindo nokudlidliza, futhi zombili lezi zici kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokugcwele.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesakhiwo
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegumbi Lokuhlala: Indawo yokuhlala ihlelwe phakathi kwegumbi lokuhlanza negumbi lemishini ukuze kuhlukaniswe.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kodonga Olunezimbobo: Lapho igumbi lemishini liseduze negumbi lokuhlanza, izindonga ezizimele zokuhlukanisa ziyasetshenziswa ohlangothini ngalunye ngesikhala esigciniwe phakathi esikhundleni sokwabelana ngodonga olulodwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegumbi Elisizayo: Amakamelo okusiza ahlelwe phakathi kwegumbi lokuhlanza negumbi lemishini njengendawo yokuvikela.
Isakhiwo Esihlukaniswe Kabanzi
Ukuhlelwa Kophahla/Uphahla: Amakamelo emishini avame ukubekwa ophahleni oluphezulu ukuze angangeni ezindlini zokuhlanza eziphansi. Iphansi elingaphansi kophahla kungcono lihlelwe njengamakamelo angeziwe, amakamelo okuphatha noma izingqimba zobuchwepheshe.
Ukuhlelwa Kwangaphansi Komhlaba: Amakamelo emishini atholakala engaphansi komhlaba.
Ukuhlelwa Kwesakhiwo Esizimele
Isakhiwo semishini esizimele sakhiwa ngokwehlukana nesakhiwo segumbi lokuhlanza futhi sigcinwa siseduze. Ukwahlukaniswa kokudlidliza kanye nokufakwa komsindo kufanele kulungiswe emakamelweni emishini, lapho kufakwe khona izitezi ezingangenwa manzi ngokuphelele kanye nezindlela zokukhipha amanzi.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kokudlidliza: Izindlela zokuhlukanisa ukudlidliza kufanele zisetshenziswe ezisekelweni nasezisekelweni zemithombo yokudlidliza njengefeni, ama-motor kanye namaphampu amanzi. Lapho kudingeka khona, imishini kufanele ifakwe kuma-slab ekhonkrithi asekelwa izinto ezidambisa ukudlidliza; isisindo se-slab kufanele sibe ngokuphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kunesisindo semishini iyonke.
Ukuvimbela Umsindo: Ngaphezu kwezithulisi-msindo zesistimu, amakamelo amakhulu emishini angase asebenzise izinto zodonga ezibamba umsindo kanye neminyango yokuvimbela umsindo. Akukho mnyango ozovulwa odongeni oluhlukanisayo olubheke endaweni ehlanzekile.
6.Ukususwa Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo
Amagumbi okuhlanza ayizakhiwo ezivalekile kakhulu, okwenza ukuphuma kwabantu ezimweni eziphuthumayo kube yinkinga ebalulekile ehlobene kakhulu nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha umoya kanye nokuhlanza. Izidingo ezibalulekile yilezi ezilandelayo:
Okungenani kuzohlinzekwa izindlela zokuphuma eziphuthumayo ezimbili endaweni ngayinye yomlilo noma endaweni ehlanzekile kuzo zonke izitezi zokukhiqiza; kuvunyelwe indlela eyodwa yokuphuma uma indawo ingaphansi kuka-50 ° futhi inabantu abangaphansi kuka-5.
Iminyango yokuhlanza abasebenzi akufanele isetshenziswe njengezindlela zokuphuma, njengoba izindlela zokuhlanza ezigobile zivimbela ukuphuma ngokushesha ngaphandle uma kwenzeka umlilo nentuthu.
Amakamelo okugeza umoya akufanele asebenze njengezindlela zokungena ezivamile. Iminyango evalekile noma ezenzakalelayo ivame ukwehluleka futhi ivimbele ukuphuma. Iminyango yokudlula umoya kumele ifakwe emakamelweni okugeza umoya, okuyimpoqo uma abasebenzi bedlula abantu aba-5. Abasebenzi kufanele basebenzise iminyango yokudlula umoya esikhundleni se-air shawa lapho bephuma endaweni ehlanzekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Ukuze kugcinwe umfutho wangaphakathi, iminyango engaphakathi kwendawo ehlanzekile ivulekele amakamelo anomfutho ophezulu, okuphikisana nezidingo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo. Ukuze kulinganiswe ukuhlanzeka kwansuku zonke nezidingo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo, iminyango ephakathi kwezindawo ezihlanzekile nezingahlanzekile, kanye neminyango ephuma ezindaweni ezihlanzekile iye ngaphandle kufanele yakhelwe njengeminyango yokuphuma eziphuthumayo evulekela ohlangothini lokuphuma; iminyango yezimo eziphuthumayo ezizimele kufanele ilandele umthetho ofanayo.
7.Ukubuka Konke Kokuhlobisa Izakhiwo Zegumbi Lokuhlanza
Imisebenzi yokuhlobisa izakhiwo zegumbi lokuhlanza ihlanganisa yonke imisebenzi ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko, iminyango namafasitela angaphandle, okuhlanganisa ukuqedwa kwephansi, ukuplasta, imisebenzi yomnyango namafasitela, imisebenzi yophahla, imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa, imisebenzi yokumboza nokupenda, kanye nokuvala amajoyinti phakathi kwamapayipi, izibani, imishini yokuhlanza umoya, imishini yokucubungula kanye nezakhiwo zesakhiwo.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlobisa igumbi lokuhlanza kubonakala ngezici ezimbili:
Umthelela Ekusebenzeni Okuphelele: Izinto zokuhlanza kumele zingabi nothuli futhi zingaqongelelani ngothuli uma zinezakhiwo ezingangeni moya. Ikhwalithi yokuhlobisa inquma ngqo umphumela wokuhlanza.
Umthelela Ezindleleni Zokwakha: Amakamelo okuhlanza ayizakhiwo ezibiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zamahhovisi ezivamile.
Izidingo Zezinto Zokuhlobisa
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile:
➤Ubuso obubushelelezi
➤Ukumelana nokuguguleka
➤Ukuvikela ukushisa okuhle
➤Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ongashintshi okuphansi
➤Ayinamanzi futhi ayingenwa amanzi
➤Ukuthola umsindo okuhle
➤Ukucubungula okulula
➤Ukunamathela okuphansi kothuli
➤Ukususwa kothuli okulula
➤Isebenza kahle
Ukuhlobisa Iphansi
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile: ①Ukumelana Nokugqokwa ②Ukumelana namakhemikhali (i-asidi, i-alkali, imithi) ③Ukusebenza Okungaguquki ④Ukumelana nokushelela ⑤Ukwakhiwa okungenamthungo kuyatholakala ⑥Ukuhlanza okulula
Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zephansi:
➤Isitezi Esiphakanyisiwe: Sivamile emakamelweni okuhlanza amanzi aqonde ngqo. Izici: umoya obuyayo otholakala phansi, umoya omuhle ongena, izindleko eziphakeme, ukuthamba okungekuhle.
➤Isitezi seTerrazzo: Izici: sibushelelezi, asikhiqizi uthuli, siqinile, siyagezwa, asiguquguquki, asinwebeki.
➤Isitezi Sokumboza I-Resin: Sizuza izinzuzo ze-terrazzo ngokumelana nokuguguleka, ukungabi nomoya okuhle kanye nokunwebeka; ukwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kwenziwe nge-epoxy resin, i-polyester resin noma i-polyurethane resin exutshwe nama-pigment kanye nama-curing agents; amandla esisekelo se-cement mortar akufanele abe ngaphansi kwe-Grade 425.
➤Iphansi Leshidi Eligoqekayo: Izici: libushelelezi, aligugi, liyanwebeka kancane, alikhiqizi uthuli, kulula ukulihlanza, kulula ukwakhiwa; kulula ugesi ongashintshi kanye nokuguga kwe-UV, kulula ukuxebuka ezindaweni ezinkulu ngenxa yama-coefficients ahlukahlukene okwandisa ukushisa avela kukhonkrithi.
➤Isitezi se-Ceramic esimelana ne-asidi: Izici: simelana nokugqwala kodwa siyaphuka futhi siyazwela ekushayweni; ukwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindleko eziphakeme. Sifanele izindawo ezivame ukugqwala ezinemingcele yokuma kwamanzi.
➤Isitezi se-FRP: Izici: ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nobuqotho obuhle; kukhawulelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo encane ngenxa yama-coefficients okwanda kokushisa angalingani nezakhiwo zesisekelo; kudingeka izinga lokuvimbela umlilo.
Ukuhlobisa Udonga
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile: ①Imelana namabala futhi kulula ukuyihlanza ②Ukuqeda ubuso okubushelelezi ③Akukho uthuli oluvelayo uma luxebuka noma lonakele ④Ukumelana nomthelela ⑤Ukwelashwa kwe-arc noma okuvalwe ngamakhona angaphakathi
Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zodonga:
➤Ukuplasta Okusezingeni Eliphezulu: Kuyadingeka ezindongeni zegumbi lokuhlanza ngezinqubo ezijwayelekile ezifaka phakathi ukugoba ekhoneni, ukubeka i-screed, ukulevelisha ngezingqimba, ukusika ubuso kanye nokushisisa.
➤Upende weLatex: Izici: ubushelelezi, awukhuhli, ushibhile, awugezwa.
Upende we-Epoxy kanye ne-Synthetic Resin: Ubushelelezi, awuxobuli, uyagezwa, awugqwali, futhi udinga ukwakhiwa okuphezulu.
➤Isivikelo esingangenwa yisikhunta: Sibushelelezi, asixobuki, siyagezwa futhi asigugi.
➤Iphaneli Yesitsha: Ibushelelezi, ayigqwali futhi kulula ukuyihlanza; amalunga amaningi, kunzima ukulinganisa kanye nezidingo zokwakha eziphezulu.
➤Iphaneli Yensimbi: Ayigqwali, ayishisi, ayiguquki, ibushelelezi, kulula ukuyihlanza, ibiza kakhulu. Izinto zokwakha zifaka phakathi iphaneli ye-aluminium ehlanganisiwe ye-epoxy, iphaneli ye-aluminium engagqwali, insimbi engagqwali kanye nepuleti lensimbi elimbozwe ngombala. Ipuleti lensimbi elimbozwe ngombala lisebenzisa i-substrate yensimbi ehlanganisiwe, i-alkyd resin primer, kanye ne-thermosetting acrylic / epoxy / polyester resin topcoat.
➤Iphaneli Yodonga Yegumbi Lokuhlanza Elilungisiwe: Yamukelwa kabanzi ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi okuvuselela anezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Amaphaneli ensimbi agcwele izingqimba ezimbili ahlinzeka ngokushisa okulungele izindawo ezinomoya opholile kanye nezinokushisa okuhlala njalo ezinamandla aphezulu esakhiwo. Ukwakheka: ishidi lobuso + izinto eziyinhloko, ezikhethiwe ngomklamo ngamunye.
➤Ishidi lobuso: izinkuni ezifakwe i-melamine, ipuleti le-aluminium alloy, ipuleti lensimbi, ipuleti lensimbi elinombala, njll.
➤Izinto ezibalulekile:
- I-foam ye-polyurethane eqinile: i-foam esendaweni, i-thermal insulation enhle kakhulu; i-organophosphorus ene-halogenated engeziwe njenge-flame retardant, ehlukaniswe njenge-flame retardant, flame retardant kanye ne-non-burn grades.
- Ibhodi le-asibestos calcium silicate: i-calcium carbonate elula exutshwe ne-inorganic fiber kanye ne-fire retant, efakwe i-foam futhi iboshwe nge-resin ye-PVC; ukumelana okuhle nomlilo, cishe okungashi.
- Ibhodi lesandwich le-polystyrene: ukufakelwa kwe-polystyrene okufakwe phakathi kwamapuleti ensimbi ngokunamathela nangokucindezela; kukhipha igesi ecasulayo ngesikhathi sokusha, akukhuthazwa ezindaweni ezinengozi enkulu yomlilo.
- Ibhodi lesandwich loboya bedwala: uboya bedwala obuhlanganiswe phakathi kwamapuleti ensimbi, obufanele izidingo zokuvikela umlilo eziphakeme; ulwelwesi lwebhodi le-gypsum luyadingeka ukuze lusetshenziswe ekuthwaleni umthwalo ukuze kugwenywe ukuguguleka.
e. Ibhodi lezinyosi lephepha/le-aluminium: ingaphakathi lezinyosi le-honeycomb elihlanganiswe phakathi kwamapuleti ensimbi; izinyosi ze-honeycomb ezinamandla aphezulu, ze-aluminium ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekushiseni.
Ukuhlobisa Uphahla
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile:
Uhlaka lophahla olulula oluqinile kakhulu kanye nokufakwa okulula. Ukumelana nokudlidliza kokuwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuqina kwendawo, njengoba amaphaneli ophahla engathinteki kakhulu ukungqubuzana ngesandla kodwa asengozini yokudlidliza okuvela emithonjeni ephezulu kanye nemishini.
Izinhlobo Zohlaka Lophahla:
➤I-Keel Yensimbi Elula: Ilula, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi okuphansi; ukwelashwa okucophelelayo kwamalunga; akufinyeleleki ekunakekelweni, akukwazi ukusebenza njengezindlela zokuhamba zesikhashana noma izisekelo zokuthwala imithwalo, ukulungiswa okungahambi kahle.
➤I-Keel Yensimbi Yesigaba: Ingashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nohlelo lokukhipha umoya kanye nokuvulwa kwesibani; ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi okuphezulu.
➤I-Aluminium Alloy Keel: Isisindo esincane kakhulu; ukwelashwa okucophelela kwamalunga; akufinyeleleki ekunakekelweni, akukwazi ukusebenza njengezindlela zokuhamba zesikhashana noma izisekelo zokuthwala imithwalo, ukulungiswa okungahambi kahle.
Izinto Zokwenza Iphaneli Yophahla
Izinto eziningi zokuhlobisa odongeni ziyasebenza kumaphaneli ophahleni; amaphaneli epulasitiki anemibala nawo ayizinketho ezinhle kakhulu.
Izinto Zokuvala Ngomthungo
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile: ①Ukusebenza kahle kokuvala ngokuqina okufanele ②Ukumelana nokuguga ③Ukuqina okusheshayo ④Ingxenye eyodwa iyathandwa ⑤Ukusetshenziswa okulula ⑥Ukunamathela okuhle ⑦Akunabo ubuthi, akunaphunga, umbala uhambisana nokuhlobisa
Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokuvala Isembozo:
➤Irabha yeSilicone: Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokushisa okubanzi, ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali namafutha; ukumelana okungekuhle kwe-NaOH, ukuthambekela kokubola. Izinto ezinwebekayo ze-polymer ezi-semi-inorganic ezisekelwe esakhiweni se-siloxane.
➤I-Polyurethane: Ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuguquguquka okuhle kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukumelana namafutha ne-ozone; ukumelana kwamanzi okungekuhle. Kwenziwe nge-polyisocyanate kanye ne-hydrogen alcohols/amines esebenzayo ene-ejenti yokwelapha.
➤Irabha Yokwenziwa: Ukuqina okulinganiselayo, ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukumelana namanzi, ukumelana namafutha kanye nokuqina; ikakhulukazi irabha ye-nitrile.
Izidingo Ezikhethekile
Ngokuhambisana neKhodi Yokwakha Nokwamukelwa Kwamagumbi Okuhlanza:
Umswakama wokhuni olusetshenziswa emakamelweni okuhlanza akumele udlule u-16% uma kungekho ukusetshenziswa okuveziwe. Izinga eliphezulu lokushintsha komoya kanye nomswakama ophansi kungabangela ukuqhekeka, ukuguquka, ukukhululeka kanye nokukhiqizwa kothuli ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokhuni. Ukusetshenziswa okuyingxenye kuvunyelwe kuphela ngokwelashwa okulwa nokugqwala kanye nokumelana nomswakama.
Ibhodi le-gypsum elingangeni manzi liyimpoqo emakamelweni okuhlanza avamile. Emakamelweni okuhlanza aphilayo anezihlanzi zamanzi ezivamile kanye nezibulala-magciwane, ngisho nebhodi le-gypsum elingangeni manzi livame ukuguquka umswakama kanye nomonakalo wokuguguleka, ngakho-ke akuvunyelwe njengezinto ezibheke ophahleni.
8.Izimiso Zokuhlelwa Okunengqondo Kwezindawo Zokuhlanza Ezingenalo Uthuli
Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zegumbi lokuhlanza kuhlobene kakhulu nokwakhiwa kwesistimu yokuhlanza kanye ne-air conditioning. Abaklami kumele bahlele ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo kanye nokuhlelwa kwesistimu, futhi babeke phambili izidingo zokuhlelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi iyonke. Igumbi lokuhlanza elingenalo uthuli ngokuvamile liqukethe indawo ehlanzekile, indawo ehlanzekile kancane kanye nendawo ehambisanayo. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kufanele kulandele amaphuzu abalulekile angezansi:
Amafomu okuhlelwa kwendiza: uhlobo oluzungezile umzila, uhlobo lomzila wangaphakathi, uhlobo olunezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nohlobo oluyinhloko.
Indlela yokuhlanzwa kwabasebenzi: abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke izingubo ezingenalo uthuli futhi badlule ekuhlanzweni komoya ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni ezihlanzekile; kudingeka umoya emakamelweni okushintsha izingubo.
Indlela yokuhlanza izinto: zonke izinto zidinga ukwelashwa kokuhlanza ngaphambi kokungena; imizila kufanele ihlukaniswe nemizila yabasebenzi noma isebenzise indlela yokungena ekhethekile. Izindawo zokudlulisa ukuhlanza kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla eziphakathi zingafakwa uma kudingeka.
Ukuhlelwa kwepayipi: amapayipi ayinkimbinkimbi emakamelweni angenalo uthuli asebenzisa ukwakheka okufihliwe okuhlanganisa ungqimba lobuchwepheshe lophahla, ungqimba lobuchwepheshe lwegumbi, i-chute yobuchwepheshe kanye nomgodi wobuchwepheshe. Zonke izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa njengemibhobho yomoya kumele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zobuso bangaphakathi begumbi lokuhlanza.
Ukuhlelwa kwegumbi lemishini: amakamelo okupholisa umoya kungcono asondelene namakamelo okuhlanza anomoya omningi ukuze kube nemizila emifushane kakhulu, kuyilapho ehlukaniswe ukuze kulawulwe umsindo nokudlidliza. Amafomu okuhlukanisa kanye nokuhlelwa afaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa kwamalunga okuhlala, ukuhlukaniswa kodonga olungaphakathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwegumbi elisizayo, ukuhlelwa kophahla, ukuhlelwa komhlaba kanye nokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo okuzimele. Ukuhlukaniswa kokudlidliza, ukuvimbela umsindo, ukuvimbela amanzi phansi kanye nezinyathelo zokukhipha amanzi kuyadingeka emakamelweni emishini.
Ukuphuma kwabantu ezimweni eziphuthumayo: njengezakhiwo ezivalekile kakhulu, amakamelo ahlanzekile adinga okungenani izindlela zokuphuma eziphuthumayo ezimbili endaweni ngayinye ehlanzekile phansi. Iminyango yokuhlanza abasebenzi kanye namakamelo okugeza umoya akufanele asetshenziswe njengezindlela zokuphuma kwabantu ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
9.Izici Zomklamo Wokwakha Izindlu Zokuhlanza
Umklamo wezakhiwo uyingxenye eyinhloko yomklamo we-workshop ehlanzekile. Ucabangela ngokuphelele izidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza, izici zemishini, izinhlelo zokuhlanza nezokupholisa umoya, iphethini yokuhamba komoya ngaphakathi kanye nokuhlelwa kwamapayipi okuklama indiza yokwakha kanye nesigaba. Ngokwesisekelo sokuhlangabezana nokuhamba kwenqubo, wenza ngcono ukwakheka kwendawo kwamakamelo ahlanzekile nangahlanzekile kanye namakamelo anamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu.
Izici Zomklamo Oyinhloko
Ubuchwepheshe Obuhlanganisa Imikhakha Ehlukahlukene: Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom buhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi. Ukuklama kudinga ukuqonda izici zenqubo yokukhiqiza, imininingwane yokwakha i-workshop kanye nezindlela zokukhiqizwa nokuqoqa ukungcola okubandakanya i-physics, i-chemistry kanye ne-biology. Kuhlanganisa nokuhlanzwa komoya, ukuhlanzwa kwegesi namakhemikhali, ukuthuthwa okuphakathi okuhlanzekile kakhulu, ukulawulwa kokudlidliza okuncane, ukunciphisa umsindo, ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela ukuphazamiseka kwe-anti-static kanye ne-electromagnetic ukuxazulula izinkinga zobunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuqonda Okuphezulu: Ngokungafani nezakhiwo zezimboni ezivamile, ukwakheka kwegumbi lokuhlanza kugxila ekudaleni izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile ezifanele kanye nokuxhumanisa izingxabano zokuhlelwa kwemikhakha eminingi ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kwendawo kanye ne-planar ngezindleko ezifanele. Kugcizelela ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokuklama izakhiwo, ukuklama inqubo kanye nokuklama kokuhlanza umoya, okuhlanganisa ukuzivumelanisa nokuhamba kwenqubo, ukuhanjiswa kwabasebenzi nezinto, ukuhlela ukuhamba komoya, ukungabi nomoya kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kokuhlobisa.
Ukusetshenziswa Okunengqondo Kwesikhala: Ama-workshop ahlanzekile ahlanganisa amakamelo ahlanzekile, amakamelo okusiza okukhiqiza, amakamelo okuhlanza abasebenzi nezinto zokwakha kanye namakamelo okusetshenziswa. Umklamo wezakhiwo kufanele uthuthukise ukuhlelwa kwepulani nendawo ukuze kusetshenziswe isikhala kakhulu.
Izinga Eliphezulu Nezindleko: Izindleko zemishini yokukhiqiza kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakamelo okuhlanza ziphakeme. Ukuhlobisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukungabi nomoya okuhle kakhulu ngezindinganiso eziqinile zezinto zokwakha kanye nemininingwane yesakhiwo.
Ukwakheka Kwezindawo Zokusebenzela Ezihlanzekile
Indawo yokusebenzela ehlanzekile inezindawo ezine ezisebenzayo:
Indawo Yokukhiqiza Ehlanzekile: Indawo eyinhloko lapho izinga lokuhlanzeka kwayo linqunywa yizidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza. Umklamo kufanele wanelise izinga lokushisa, umswakama, iphethini yokuhamba komoya, impahla yezinto zokusetshenziswa, isidingo sezinsiza kanye nezidingo zokulawula imvelo okuhlanganisa umsindo, ukudlidliza kanye nogesi ongashintshi.
Indawo Ehlanzekile Esizayo: Amakamelo okusekela abalulekile anesakhiwo esithinta ngqo izindleko zokwakha, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuvimbela ukungcola okuhlukahlukene.
Indawo Yokuphatha: Amahhovisi, amakamelo okusebenzela, izindawo zokuphatha kanye nezindawo zokuphumula eziqinisekiswe ngokuxoxisana nomnikazi.
Indawo Yokusetshenziswa: Amakamelo ezinhlelo zokuhlanza umoya, izikhungo zikagesi, izinhlelo zamanzi negesi ezihlanzekile kakhulu kanye nemishini yokupholisa nokushisa. Ukwakheka kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngohlobo lomkhiqizo; imishini yokuhlanza nokupholisa/yokushisa ivame ukuhlelwa ngaphakathi kweshabhu ukuze kube lula ukuphathwa kanye nemizila yepayipi emfushane. Izindawo zokugcina impahla zingahlanganiswa namakamelo okuhlanza nezakhiwo ezisizayo njengokwakheka okuphelele okusekelwe ezimpahleni zezinto zokusetshenziswa, ubuningi kanye nezici zomkhiqizo oqediwe.
Isakhiwo Sendiza Yokwakha kanye Nesikhala
➤Izidingo Zokwakheka
Ukuhlelwa kwendiza yegumbi lokuhlanza kunesimo esifushane, ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kokusebenza, ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhala samapayipi esifihliwe okunengqondo, ukuguquguquka kokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kanye nemishini, kanye nokuphepha kokuphuma emlilweni. Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuhlanganiswa zifaka ukwakheka okuseduze, ukwakheka kwamabhulokhi kanye nokwakheka okuvalekile, ngokuhleleka kwendawo okusekelwe ezibalweni ezahlukene, ukuphakama kanye namagridi amakholomu.
➤Izimiso Zokwakheka
Amakamelo okukhiqiza anezidingo zokuhlanzeka avame ukuba yizindawo zenqubo ezingaphelele ezindaweni zokusebenzela eziphelele, ezixutshwe nezindawo zokukhiqiza ezijwayelekile, amakamelo asekelayo kanye nezindawo zosizo. Izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile nezijwayelekile kumele zibekwe endaweni ephakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe umzila wabasebenzi nezinto zokwakha, kugwenywe ukungcoliswa okuwelanayo, kwenziwe lula ukuhlelwa kwamapayipi futhi kuncishiswe indawo yokwakha. Ema-workshop ahlanganisiwe anezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile nezijwayelekile, umzila wabasebenzi nezinto zokwakha kanye nemizila yokukhipha umlilo kumele ihlelwe kahle ukuze kuqedwe umthelela omubi womkhiqizo ojwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlanzekile. Izidingo zokuvikela umlilo kanye nokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile kumele zilinganiswe nezinyathelo eziqondiwe. Izindawo ezihlanzekile ezinamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka kumele zihlelwe phakathi ngokwesigaba esilandelayo sokugeleza kwenqubo kanye nezimiso zokuvimbela ukungcoliswa okuwelanayo, kube lula ukuhlela okunengqondo kokuhlanza izinhlelo zomoya opholile kanye namapayipi, ukuhlukaniswa komlilo kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza kwansuku zonke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-07-2026