Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni noma ocwaningweni lwesayensi, igumbi elihlanzekile liyindawo elawulwayo enezinga eliphansi lokungcola njengothuli, amagciwane aphuma emoyeni, izinhlayiya ze-aerosol, kanye nomhwamuko wamakhemikhali. Ngokuqondile, igumbi elihlanzekile linezinga elilawulwayo lokungcola elichazwe yinani lezinhlayiya ngemitha eyi-cubic ngobukhulu bezinhlayiya ezithile. Umoya ozungezile ngaphandle endaweni evamile yedolobha uqukethe izinhlayiya ezingu-35,000,000 ngemitha eyi-cubic, ububanzi obungu-0.5 micron kanye nobukhulu, okuhambisana negumbi elihlanzekile le-ISO 9 elisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lezindinganiso zegumbi elihlanzekile.
Ukubuka Konke Kwegumbi Elihlanzekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile asetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izimboni lapho izinhlayiya ezincane zingathinta kabi inqubo yokukhiqiza. Ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu nangobunzima, futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor, imithi, i-biotech, idivayisi yezokwelapha kanye nesayensi yokuphila, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinqubo ezibalulekile ezivamile ezindiza, optics, ezempi kanye nomnyango wamandla.
Igumbi elihlanzekile yinoma iyiphi indawo equkethwe lapho kwenziwa khona amalungiselelo okunciphisa ukungcola kwezinhlayiya nokulawula ezinye izilinganiso zemvelo ezifana nokushisa, umswakama kanye nengcindezi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yisihlungi se-High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) esisetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obungu-0.3 micron futhi ezinkulu. Wonke umoya olethwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile udlula ezihlungini ze-HEPA, futhi kwezinye izimo lapho ukusebenza okuhlanzekile okuqinile kuyadingeka, kusetshenziswa izihlungi ze-Ultra Low Particulate Air (ULPA).
Abasebenzi abakhethelwe ukusebenza emakamelweni ahlanzekile baqeqeshwa kabanzi ngethiyori yokulawula ukungcola. Bangena futhi baphume ekamelweni elihlanzekile ngezikhiye zomoya, amashawa omoya kanye/noma amakamelo okugqoka, futhi kumele bagqoke izingubo ezikhethekile ezenzelwe ukubamba ukungcola okukhiqizwa ngokwemvelo yisikhumba nomzimba.
Kuye ngesigaba noma umsebenzi wegumbi, izingubo zabasebenzi zingase zibe zilinganiselwe njengezingubo zelebhu kanye nama-hairnet, noma zibe ziningi njengoba zimbozwe ngokuphelele amasudi anogwaja amaningi anezingqimba eziningi anemishini yokuphefumula ehambisanayo.
Izingubo zasekamelweni ezihlanzekile zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezinto emzimbeni womuntu ozigqokile nokungcolisa imvelo. Izingubo zasekamelweni ezihlanzekile ngokwazo akumele zikhiphe izinhlayiya noma imicu ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngabasebenzi. Lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa kwabasebenzi lungonakalisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo ezimbonini ze-semiconductor kanye nezemithi futhi lungabangela ukutheleleka okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye neziguli embonini yezempilo isibonelo.
Izingubo zasekamelweni ezihlanzekile zifaka amabhuzu, izicathulo, ama-apron, izembozo zentshebe, izigqoko ezinde, izembozo, imaski yobuso, amajazi/amajazi elebhu, amagawuni, amagilavu nemibhede yeminwe, ama-hairnet, ama-hood, imikhono kanye nezembozo zezicathulo. Uhlobo lwezingubo zasekamelweni ezihlanzekile ezisetshenziswayo kufanele lubonise imininingwane yekamelweni elihlanzekile kanye nomkhiqizo. Amakamelo ahlanzekile asezingeni eliphansi angadinga kuphela izicathulo ezikhethekile ezinezithende ezibushelelezi ngokuphelele ezingangeni othulini noma odakeni. Kodwa-ke, izinqe zezicathulo akumele zidale izingozi zokushelela ngoba ukuphepha kuhlala kuqala. Isudi yekamelweni ehlanzekile ivame ukudingeka ukuze ungene ekamelweni elihlanzekile. Amakamelo ahlanzekile ekilasi 10,000 angasebenzisa ama-smock alula, izembozo zekhanda, kanye namabhuzu. Kumakamelo ahlanzekile ekilasi 10, izinqubo zokugqoka izingubo ezinesembozo esivaliwe, amabhuzu, amagilavu kanye nendawo yokuphefumula ephelele kuyadingeka.
Izimiso Zokugeleza Komoya Egumbini Elihlanzekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile agcina umoya ongenazinhlayiya ngokusebenzisa izihlungi ze-HEPA noma ze-ULPA ezisebenzisa izimiso zokugeleza komoya ezi-laminar noma eziguquguqukayo. Izinhlelo zokugeleza komoya ezi-Laminar, noma eziqondisa umoya ohlangothini olulodwa, ziqondisa umoya ohlungiwe phansi emfudlaneni oqhubekayo. Izinhlelo zokugeleza komoya ezi-Laminar zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-100% wophahla ukuze zigcine ukugeleza komoya ohlangothini olulodwa okungaguquki. Izindinganiso zokugeleza kwe-Laminar zivame ukushiwo eziteshini zomsebenzi eziphathwayo (ama-LF hoods), futhi ziyaphoqelelwa kumakamelo ahlanzekile ahlukaniswe nge-ISO-1 kuya ku-ISO-4.
Umklamo wegumbi elihlanzekile kahle uhlanganisa lonke uhlelo lokusabalalisa umoya, okuhlanganisa nezinhlinzeko zokubuyisa umoya okwanele, ongezansi komfula. Emakamelweni okugeleza aqondile, lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa kokubuya komoya odongeni oluphansi nxazonke kwendawo. Ekusetshenzisweni kokugeleza okuvundlile, kudinga ukusetshenziswa kokubuya komoya emngceleni ongezansi wenqubo. Ukusetshenziswa kokubuyiselwa komoya ofakwe ophahleni kuyaphikisana nomklamo wesistimu yegumbi elihlanzekile kahle.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamagumbi Ahlanzekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile ahlukaniswa ngokwendlela umoya ohlanzekile ngayo. Ku-Federal Standard 209 (A kuya ku-D) yase-USA, inani lezinhlayiya ezilingana no-0.5µm futhi ezinkulu kuno-0.5µm lilinganiswa ku-cubic foot eyodwa yomoya, futhi lokhu kubalwa kusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa igumbi elihlanzekile. Leli gama lesilinganiso liyamukelwa futhi enguqulweni yakamuva ye-209E ye-Standard. I-Federal Standard 209E isetshenziswa ngaphakathi ezweni. Indinganiso entsha yi-TC 209 evela kwi-International Standards Organisation. Zombili lezi zindinganiso zihlukanisa igumbi elihlanzekile ngenani lezinhlayiya ezitholakala emoyeni welabhorethri. Izindinganiso zokuhlukanisa igumbi elihlanzekile i-FS 209E kanye ne-ISO 14644-1 zidinga izilinganiso ezithile zokubalwa kwezinhlayiya kanye nokubala ukuze kuhlukaniswe izinga lokuhlanzeka kwegumbi elihlanzekile noma indawo ehlanzekile. E-UK, i-British Standard 5295 isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amakamelo ahlanzekile. Le ndinganiso isizothathelwa indawo yi-BS EN ISO 14644-1.
Amakamelo ahlanzekile ahlukaniswa ngokwenani nosayizi wezinhlayiya ezivunyelwe ngomthamo womoya. Izinombolo ezinkulu ezifana nokuthi "isigaba 100" noma "isigaba 1000" zibhekisela ku-FED_STD-209E, futhi zimelela inani lezinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obungu-0.5 µm noma ngaphezulu ezivunyelwe ngonyawo olulodwa lomoya. Indinganiso iphinde ivumele ukuhunyushwa, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuchaza isib. "isigaba 2000."
Izinombolo ezincane zibhekisela ezindinganisweni ze-ISO 14644-1, ezichaza i-decimal logarithm yenani lezinhlayiya ezingu-0.1 µm noma ngaphezulu ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter yomoya. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, igumbi elihlanzekile le-ISO class 5 linama-particles angu-105 = angu-100,000 nge-m³.
Kokubili i-FS 209E kanye ne-ISO 14644-1 zithatha ubudlelwano be-log-log phakathi kosayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya. Ngaleso sizathu, ayikho into efana nokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya okungu-zero. Umoya ojwayelekile wegumbi cishe ungowesigaba esingu-1,000,000 noma i-ISO 9.
Izindinganiso Zegumbi Elihlanzekile ze-ISO 14644-1
| Ikilasi | Izinhlayiya Eziphezulu/m3 | I-FED STD 209EEelingana | |||||
| >=0.1 µm | >=0.2 µm | >=0.3 µm | >=0.5 µm | >=1 µm | >=5 µm | ||
| I-ISO 1 | 10 | 2 | |||||
| I-ISO 2 | 100 | 24 | 10 | 4 | |||
| I-ISO 3 | 1,000 | 237 | 102 | 35 | 8 | Iklasi 1 | |
| I-ISO 4 | 10,000 | 2,370 | 1,020 | 352 | 83 | Ibanga le-10 | |
| I-ISO 5 | 100,000 | 23,700 | 10,200 | 3,520 | 832 | 29 | Iklasi 100 |
| I-ISO 6 | 1,000,000 | 237,000 | 102,000 | 35,200 | 8,320 | 293 | Iklasi 1,000 |
| I-ISO 7 | 352,000 | 83,200 | 2,930 | Iklasi 10,000 | |||
| I-ISO 8 | 3,520,000 | 832,000 | 29,300 | Ikilasi 100,000 | |||
| I-ISO 9 | 35,200,000 | 8,320,000 | 293,000 | Umoya Wegumbi | |||
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-29-2023