Imboni yokukhiqiza ngogesi:
Ngokuthuthuka kwamakhompyutha, ama-microelectronics kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi, imboni yokukhiqiza kagesi ithuthuke ngokushesha, kanti nobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile nabo buqhutshwe phambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwabekwa phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokuklama igumbi elihlanzekile. Ukuklama igumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi kuwubuchwepheshe obuphelele. Kuphela ngokuqonda ngokugcwele izici zokuklama zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi nokwenza imiklamo efanelekile lapho izinga lokungasebenzi kahle kwemikhiqizo embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi lingancishiswa khona futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuthuthukiswe.
Izici zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi:
Izidingo zezinga lokuhlanzeka ziphakeme, futhi ivolumu yomoya, izinga lokushisa, umswakama, umehluko wokucindezela, kanye nokukhishwa kwemishini kulawulwa njengoba kudingeka. Ukukhanya kanye nesivinini somoya sesigaba segumbi elihlanzekile kulawulwa ngokuya ngomklamo noma incazelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwegumbi elihlanzekile lunezidingo eziqinile kakhulu kugesi ongaguquki. Izidingo zomswakama zinzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ugesi ongaguquki ukhiqizwa kalula efektri eyomile kakhulu, kubangela umonakalo ekuhlanganisweni kwe-CMOS. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lefektri ye-elekthronikhi kufanele lilawulwe cishe ku-22°C, futhi umswakama ohlobene kufanele ulawulwe phakathi kuka-50-60% (kunemithethonqubo efanele yokushisa nomswakama yegumbi elihlanzekile elikhethekile). Ngalesi sikhathi, ugesi ongaguquki ungasuswa ngempumelelo futhi abantu bangazizwa bekhululekile. Ama-workshop okukhiqiza ama-chip, ama-workshop okuhlanza ama-circuit ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-workshop okukhiqiza ama-disk ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza ama-elekthronikhi. Njengoba imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi inezidingo eziqinile kakhulu endaweni yomoya wangaphakathi kanye nekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza, igxile kakhulu ekulawuleni izinhlayiya nothuli oluntantayo, futhi inemithethonqubo eqinile yokushisa, umswakama, ivolumu yomoya omusha, umsindo, njll. wendawo.
1. Izinga lomsindo (isimo esingenalutho) egumbini elihlanzekile leklasi engu-10,000 lesitshalo sokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi: akufanele libe ngaphezu kuka-65dB (A).
2. Isilinganiso sokumbozwa okugcwele kwegumbi lokuhlanza ukugeleza okuqondile esitshalweni sokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi akufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-60%, kanti igumbi lokuhlanza ukugeleza okuqondile okuqondile akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-40%, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba ukugeleza okuyingxenye okuqondile.
3. Umehluko wokucindezela okungaguquki phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile kanye nengaphandle lesitshalo sokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-10Pa, kanti umehluko wokucindezela okungaguquki phakathi kwendawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile enomoya ohlanzekile ohlukile akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-5Pa.
4. Inani lomoya omusha ekamelweni elihlanzekile lekilasi le-10,000 embonini yokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi kufanele lithathe ubuningi bezinto ezimbili ezilandelayo:
① Khokhela inani levolumu yokukhipha umoya endlini kanye nenani lomoya omusha odingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe inani lokucindezela okuhle endlini.
② Qinisekisa ukuthi inani lomoya omusha elinikezwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile ngomuntu ngamunye ngehora alingaphansi kwama-40m3.
③ Isifudumezi sesistimu yokupholisa umoya yokuhlanzwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi kufanele sibe nomoya omusha kanye nokuvikelwa kokuvala ugesi ngokweqile. Uma kusetshenziswa umswakama endaweni, kufanele kubekwe isivikelo esingenamanzi. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, uhlelo lomoya omusha kufanele lube nezinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukubanda. Umthamo womoya wegumbi elihlanzekile kufanele uthathe inani eliphezulu lalezi zinto ezintathu ezilandelayo: umthamo womoya ukuqinisekisa izinga lokuhlanzeka komoya wegumbi elihlanzekile lesitshalo sokukhiqiza kagesi; umthamo womoya wegumbi elihlanzekile lefektri kagesi unqunywa ngokuya ngokubalwa komthwalo wokushisa nomswakama; inani lomoya omusha ohlinzekwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile lesitshalo sokukhiqiza kagesi.
Imboni yokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo:
Izici zezimboni ze-biopharmaceutical:
1. Igumbi lokuhlanza le-biopharmaceutical aligcini nje ngokuba nezindleko eziphezulu zemishini, izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi, izidingo eziphezulu zamazinga okuhlanzeka kanye nokungabi namagciwane, kodwa futhi linezidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yabasebenzi bokukhiqiza.
2. Izingozi ezingaba khona zezinto eziphilayo zizovela enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi izingozi zokutheleleka, amagciwane afile noma amaseli afile kanye nezingxenye noma i-metabolism emzimbeni womuntu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo ubuthi, ukuzwela kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelapha izinto eziphilayo, ubuthi bomkhiqizo, ukuzwela kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelapha izinto eziphilayo, imiphumela yemvelo.
Indawo ehlanzekile: Igumbi (indawo) lapho izinhlayiya zothuli kanye nokungcola kwamagciwane endaweni ezungezile kudingeka kulawulwe khona. Isakhiwo salo, imishini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo kunomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukungeniswa, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokugcinwa kokungcola endaweni.
I-Airlock: Indawo ehlukanisiwe eneminyango emibili noma ngaphezulu phakathi kwamakamelo amabili noma ngaphezulu (njengamakamelo anamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka). Inhloso yokusetha i-airlock ukulawula ukuhamba komoya lapho abantu noma izinto zingena futhi ziphuma ku-airlock. I-Airlocks ihlukaniswe ngezikhiye zomoya zabasebenzi kanye nezikhiye zomoya ezibonakalayo.
Izici eziyisisekelo zegumbi elihlanzekile lemithi ye-biopharmaceuticals: izinhlayiya zothuli kanye nama-microorganisms kumele kube yizinto zokulawulwa kwemvelo. Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza imithi kuhlukaniswe amazinga amane: isigaba sendawo 100, isigaba 1000, isigaba 10000 kanye nesigaba 30000 ngaphansi kwesizinda sesigaba 100 noma isigaba 10000.
Izinga lokushisa legumbi elihlanzekile: ngaphandle kwezidingo ezikhethekile, kuma-degrees angu-18 ~ 26, kanti umswakama ohlobene ulawulwa ku-45% ~ 65%. Ukulawulwa kokungcola kwezindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile ze-biopharmaceutical: ukulawulwa komthombo wokungcola, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokusabalalisa, kanye nokulawulwa kokungcola okuwelanayo. Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bomuthi wegumbi elihlanzekile ngokuyinhloko ukulawula uthuli nama-microorganism. Njengomngcolisi, ama-microorganisms abaluleke kakhulu ekulawulweni kwemvelo kwegumbi elihlanzekile. Ukungcola okuqongelelwe emishinini nasemapayipini endaweni ehlanzekile yesitshalo semithi kungangcolisa imithi ngqo, kodwa akukuthinti ukuhlolwa kokuhlanza. Izinga lokuhlanzeka alifanele ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zemisebe kanye nezibalulekile zezinhlayiya ezilengayo. Akuvamile inqubo yokukhiqiza imithi, izimbangela zokungcola kanye nezindawo lapho ukungcola kuqongelela khona, kanye nezindlela kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola zokususa ukungcola.
Izimo ezilandelayo zivamile ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe be-GMP kwezitshalo zemithi:
Ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle ukuqonda okucashile, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile enqubweni yokulawula ukungcola akulungile, futhi ekugcineni ezinye izitshalo zemithi zitshale imali eningi ekuguqulweni, kodwa ikhwalithi yemithi ayizange ithuthukiswe kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile zemithi, ukukhiqizwa nokufakwa kwemishini nezindawo ezitshalweni, ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe nezisizayo kanye nezinto zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezinqubo zokulawula zabantu abahlanzekile nezindawo ezihlanzekile kuzothinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Izizathu ezithinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ekwakheni ukuthi kunezinkinga ekuxhumaneni kokulawula inqubo, futhi kunezingozi ezifihliwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka nokwakha, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
① Udonga lwangaphakathi lomsele womoya wohlelo lokupholisa umoya oluhlanzekile aluhlanzekile, uxhumano aluqinile, futhi izinga lokuvuza komoya likhulu kakhulu;
② Isakhiwo sendawo ebiyelwe ngepuleti lensimbi elinombala asiqinile, izindlela zokuvala phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile kanye ne-mezzanine yobuchwepheshe (usilingi) azifanele, futhi umnyango ovaliwe awungenisi moya;
③ Amaphrofayili okuhlobisa kanye namapayipi okucubungula akha amakhona afile kanye nokuqongelela kothuli egumbini elihlanzekile;
④ Ezinye izindawo azakhiwanga ngokwezidingo zomklamo futhi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo nemithethonqubo efanele;
⑤ Ikhwalithi yesivalo esisetshenzisiwe ayisezingeni elifanele, kulula ukuyilahla, futhi iyonakala;
⑥ Imigqa yepuleti lensimbi elinombala wokubuyisa kanye nokukhipha umoya ixhunyiwe, futhi uthuli lungena emgudwini womoya obuyayo ovela emgudwini wokukhipha umoya;
⑦ Ukushisela odongeni kwangaphakathi akwenziwa lapho kushiselwa amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali njenge-processed water cleansed kanye namanzi okujova;
⑧ Ivalvu yokuhlola imibhobho yomoya ayisebenzi, futhi ukuphuma komoya emuva kubangela ukungcola;
⑨ Ikhwalithi yokufaka uhlelo lokukhipha amanzi ayisezingeni elifanele, futhi i-rack yamapayipi kanye nezesekeli kulula ukuqongelela uthuli;
⑩ Ukuhlelwa komehluko wokucindezela kwegumbi elihlanzekile akufanelekile futhi kwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Imboni yokunyathelisa nokupakisha:
Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, imikhiqizo yemboni yokunyathelisa kanye nemboni yokupakisha nayo ithuthukile. Imishini yokunyathelisa emikhulu ingenile egumbini lokuhlanza, okungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ephrintiwe futhi kwandise kakhulu izinga lemikhiqizo efanelekile. Lokhu futhi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlanganiswa kwemboni yokuhlanza kanye nemboni yokunyathelisa. Ukunyathelisa kukhombisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama womkhiqizo endaweni yokumboza, inani lezinhlayiya zothuli, futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ngqo kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nezinga elifanelekile. Imboni yokupakisha ibonakala kakhulu ekushiseni kanye nomswakama wendawo, inani lezinhlayiya zothuli emoyeni, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi ekupakisheni kokudla kanye nasekupakisheni kwemithi. Yiqiniso, izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zabasebenzi bokukhiqiza nazo zibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukufutha okungenathuli kuyi-workshop yokukhiqiza evaliwe ezimele eyakhiwe ngamaphaneli e-sandwich ensimbi, angahlunga ngempumelelo ukungcola komoya omubi emikhiqizweni futhi anciphise uthuli endaweni yokufutha kanye nesilinganiso somkhiqizo esingenasici. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungenathuli kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukubukeka kwemikhiqizo, njenge-TV/computer, igobolondo lefoni ephathekayo, i-DVD/VCD, ikhonsoli yomdlalo, i-video recorder, ikhompyutha ephathwayo ye-PDA, igobolondo lekhamera, umsindo, umshini wokomisa izinwele, i-MD, izimonyo, amathoyizi nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Inqubo: indawo yokulayisha → ukususwa kothuli ngesandla → ukususwa kothuli ngogesi → ukufutha ngesandla/okuzenzakalelayo → indawo yokomisa → indawo yokupholisa upende we-UV → indawo yokupholisa → indawo yokuphrinta kwesikrini → indawo yokuhlola ikhwalithi → indawo yokwamukela.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indawo yokupakisha ukudla engenalo uthuli isebenza kahle, kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iyahlangabezana nezidingo zalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
① Umthamo womoya we-workshop yokupakisha ukudla engenalo uthuli wanele ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukungcola okubangelwa ngaphakathi endlini.
② Umoya oseshabhu lokupakisha ukudla elingenalo uthuli ugeleza usuka endaweni ehlanzekile uye endaweni ehlanzekile, ukugeleza komoya ongcolile kuncishisiwe, futhi indlela yokugeleza komoya emnyango nasesakhiweni sangaphakathi ilungile.
③ Ukunikezwa komoya endaweni yokupakisha ukudla engenalo uthuli ngeke kukhulise kakhulu ukungcola kwangaphakathi.
④ Isimo sokunyakaza komoya wangaphakathi endaweni yokupakisha ukudla engenalo uthuli singaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndawo yokuqoqana okugxile kakhulu egumbini elivaliwe. Uma igumbi elihlanzekile lihlangabezana nezidingo zezindlela ezingenhla, ukugxilisa kwalo kwezinhlayiya noma ukugxilisa kwamagciwane (uma kudingeka) kungalinganiswa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi lihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezichaziwe zegumbi elihlanzekile.
Imboni yokupakisha ukudla:
1. Ukunikezwa komoya kanye nomthamo wokukhipha umoya: Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile elinokuphazamiseka, khona-ke ukunikezwa komoya kanye nomthamo wokukhipha umoya kumele kulinganiswe. Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile elingaqondisiwe, isivinini somoya kufanele silinganiswe.
2. Ukulawulwa komoya phakathi kwezindawo: Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indlela umoya ohamba ngayo phakathi kwezindawo ilungile, okungukuthi, ugeleza usuka endaweni ehlanzekile uye endaweni ehlanzekile, kubalulekile ukuhlola:
① Umehluko wokucindezela phakathi kwendawo ngayinye ulungile;
② Indlela umoya ohamba ngayo emnyango noma ezimbotsheni odongeni, phansi, njll. ilungile, okungukuthi, ugeleza usuka endaweni ehlanzekile uye endaweni engahlanzekile kahle.
3. Ukutholwa kokuvuza kwesihlungi: Isihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nohlaka lwaso lwangaphandle kufanele kuhlolwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungcola okulengayo ngeke kudlule:
① Isihlungi esonakele;
② Isikhala esiphakathi kwesihlungi nohlaka lwaso lwangaphandle;
③ Ezinye izingxenye zedivayisi yokuhlunga bese zingena egumbini.
4. Ukutholwa kokuvuza okuhlukanisiwe: Lolu vivinyo luwukufakazela ukuthi ukungcola okulengayo akungeni ezintweni zokwakha futhi kungene ekamelweni elihlanzekile.
5. Ukulawulwa komoya ngaphakathi: Uhlobo lokuhlolwa kokulawulwa komoya luncike kuphethini yokugeleza komoya yegumbi elihlanzekile - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liyaguquguquka noma liqonde ngqo. Uma ukugeleza komoya kwegumbi elihlanzekile kuyaguquguquka, kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho ndawo egumbini lapho ukugeleza komoya kunganele khona. Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile eliqonde ngqo, kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso somoya segumbi lonke kuyahlangabezana nezidingo zomklamo.
6. Ukuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya okumisiwe kanye nokuhlushwa kwamagciwane: Uma ukuhlolwa okungenhla kuhlangabezana nezidingo, ukuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya kanye nokuhlushwa kwamagciwane (uma kudingeka) ekugcineni kulinganiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyahlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zomklamo wegumbi elihlanzekile.
7. Ezinye izivivinyo: Ngaphezu kwezivivinyo zokulawula ukungcola ezingenhla, ukuhlolwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo kumele kwenziwe ngezinye izikhathi: izinga lokushisa; umswakama ohlobene; amandla okushisa angaphakathi kanye nokupholisa; inani lomsindo; ukukhanya; inani lokudlidliza.
Imboni yokupakisha yemithi:
1. Izidingo zokulawula imvelo:
① Nikeza izinga lokuhlanza umoya elidingekayo ekukhiqizweni. Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli lomoya kanye nama-microorganisms aphilayo kuphrojekthi yokuhlanza indawo yokupakisha kufanele ihlolwe futhi iqoshwe njalo. Umehluko wokucindezela okungaguquki phakathi kwezindawo zokupakisha zamazinga ahlukene kufanele ugcinwe ngaphakathi kwenani elibekiwe.
② Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wephrojekthi yokuhlanza indawo yokupakisha kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zayo zenqubo yokukhiqiza.
③ Indawo yokukhiqizwa kwama-penicillin, imithi ebangela ukungezwani komzimba kakhulu kanye nemithi yokulwa nomdlavuza kufanele ifakwe uhlelo oluzimele lokupholisa umoya, futhi igesi yokukhipha umoya kufanele ihlanzwe.
④ Emakamelweni akhiqiza uthuli, kufanele kufakwe amadivayisi okuqoqa uthuli asebenzayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kothuli.
⑤ Emakamelweni okukhiqiza angeziwe njengendawo yokugcina izinto, izindawo zokungenisa umoya kanye nokushisa kanye nomswakama kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zokukhiqiza imithi kanye nokupakisha.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kokuhlanzeka kanye nemvamisa yokungenisa umoya: Igumbi elihlanzekile kufanele lilawule ngokuqinile ukuhlanzeka komoya, kanye nemingcele efana nokushisa kwemvelo, umswakama, umthamo womoya omusha kanye nomehluko wokucindezela.
① Izinga lokuhlanza kanye nemvamisa yokungenisa umoya we-workshop yokukhiqiza nokupakisha imithi Ukuhlanzeka komoya kwephrojekthi yokuhlanza ye-workshop yokukhiqiza nokupakisha imithi kuhlukaniswe amazinga amane: ikilasi 100, ikilasi 10,000, ikilasi 100,000 kanye nekilasi 300,000. Ukuze kutholakale imvamisa yokungenisa umoya yegumbi elihlanzekile, kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa umthamo womoya wento ngayinye bese uthatha inani eliphakeme kakhulu. Empeleni, imvamisa yokungenisa umoya yekilasi 100 ingu-300-400 izikhathi/h, ikilasi 10,000 ingu-25-35 izikhathi/h, kanti ikilasi 100,000 ingu-15-20 izikhathi/h.
② Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlanzeka kwephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza ye-workshop yokupakisha imithi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezithile zokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza imithi kanye nokupakisha kusekelwe endinganisweni yokuhlanzeka kazwelonke ejwayelekile.
③ Ukunqunywa kwezinye izinhlaka zemvelo zephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza yeshabhu lokupakisha.
④ Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza le-workshop yokupakisha. Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wegumbi elihlanzekile kufanele kuhambisane nenqubo yokukhiqiza imithi. Izinga lokushisa: 20~23℃ (ehlobo) lokuhlanzeka kwekilasi 100 kanye nekilasi 10,000, 24~26℃ kokuhlanzeka kwekilasi 100,000 kanye nekilasi 300,000, 26~27℃ ezindaweni ezijwayelekile. Ukuhlanzeka kwekilasi 100 kanye ne-10,000 kungamakamelo ahlanzekile. Umswakama ohlobene: 45-50% (ehlobo) wemithi e-hygroscopic, 50%~55% wemithi eqinile efana namaphilisi, 55%~65% wemijovo yamanzi kanye noketshezi lomlomo.
⑤ Hlanza ingcindezi yegumbi ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhlanzeka kwangaphakathi, ingcindezi enhle kumele ilondolozwe ngaphakathi. Emakamelweni ahlanzekile akhiqiza uthuli, izinto eziyingozi, futhi akhiqize imithi ye-penicillin ebangela ukungezwani komzimba kakhulu, ukungcola kwangaphandle kumele kuvinjelwe noma ingcindezi engemihle kumele ilondolozwe phakathi kwezindawo. Ingcindezi engaguquki yamakamelo anamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka. Ingcindezi yangaphakathi kumele ilondolozwe ibe ntle, ngomehluko ongaphezu kwama-5Pa ukusuka ekamelweni eliseduze, kanye nomehluko wengcindezi engaguquki phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile kanye nomoya wangaphandle kumele ube ngaphezu kwama-10Pa.
Imboni yokudla:
Ukudla kuyisidingo sokuqala sabantu, futhi izifo zivela emlonyeni, ngakho-ke ukuphepha nokuhlanzeka kwemboni yokudla kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke. Ukuphepha nokuhlanzeka kokudla kudinga ukulawulwa kakhulu ngezici ezintathu: okokuqala, ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwabasebenzi bokukhiqiza; okwesibili, ukulawulwa kokungcola kwemvelo kwangaphandle (kufanele kusungulwe indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile. Okwesithathu, umthombo wokuthengwa kufanele ungabi nezinto zokusetshenziswa zomkhiqizo eziyinkinga.
Indawo yeshabhu yokukhiqiza ukudla ifanelana nokukhiqiza, ngesakhiwo esifanele kanye nokudonsa amanzi okubushelelezi; phansi kweshabhu yakhiwe ngezinto ezingasheleli, eziqinile, ezingangeni amanzi futhi ezingagqwali, futhi ziyisicaba, azinawo amanzi anqwabelanayo, futhi zigcinwa zihlanzekile; indawo yokuphuma yeshabhu kanye nezindawo zokukhipha amanzi kanye nokungenisa umoya ezixhunywe ezweni langaphandle zihlonyiswe ngezinsiza zokulwa namagundane, ezilwa nezinambuzane kanye nezinambuzane. Izindonga, ophahleni, iminyango namafasitela eshabhu kufanele kwakhiwe ngezinto ezingenabo ubuthi, ezinombala okhanyayo, ezingangeni manzi, ezingangenisi ukukhunta, ezingachithi futhi ezilula ukuzihlanza. Amakhona ezindonga, amakhona angaphansi kanye namakhona aphezulu kufanele abe ne-arc (i-radius yokugoba akufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-3cm). Amatafula okusebenza, amabhande okuhambisa, izimoto zokuthutha kanye namathuluzi eshabhu kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezingenabo ubuthi, ezingagqwali, ezingenagqwala, ezilula ukuzihlanza kanye nezibulala-magciwane, kanye nezinto eziqinile. Inani elanele lemishini noma izinsiza zokuwasha izandla, ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokomisa izandla kufanele zibekwe ezindaweni ezifanele, futhi amapayipi kufanele abe yizinkinobho ezingezona ezesandla. Ngokwezidingo zokucubungula umkhiqizo, kufanele kube nezindawo zokubulala amagciwane zezicathulo, amabhuzu namasondo emnyango we-workshop. Kufanele kube negumbi lokugqoka elixhunywe e-workshop. Ngokwezidingo zokucubungula umkhiqizo, izindlu zangasese kanye namakamelo okugeza axhunywe e-workshop kufanele futhi amiswe.
Optoelectronics:
Igumbi lokuhlanza lemikhiqizo ye-optoelectronic ngokuvamile lifanelekela izinsimbi zikagesi, amakhompyutha, amafektri e-semiconductor, imboni yezimoto, imboni yezindiza, i-photolithography, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhompyutha amancane kanye neminye imboni. Ngaphezu kokuhlanzeka komoya, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zokususwa kukagesi omile ziyahlangatshezwa. Okulandelayo yisingeniso se-workshop yokuhlanza engenalo uthuli embonini ye-optoelectronics, sithatha imboni yesimanje ye-LED njengesibonelo.
Ukufakwa kwephrojekthi ye-workshop ye-cleanroom ye-LED kanye nokuhlaziywa kwecala lokwakhiwa: Kulo mklamo, kubhekisela ekufakweni kwezinye izindawo zokusebenzela ezingenalo uthuli zokuhlanza izinqubo ze-terminal, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwayo kokuhlanza ngokuvamile kuyi-workshop ye-cleanroom yekilasi 1,000, yekilasi 10,000 noma yekilasi 100,000. Ukufakwa kwezindawo zokusebenzela ze-cleanroom zesikrini sangemuva kungokwenzelwe ikakhulukazi izindawo zokusebenzela zokunyathela, ukuhlanganisa kanye nezinye izindawo zokusebenzela ze-cleanroom zemikhiqizo enjalo, kanti ukuhlanzeka kwayo ngokuvamile kuyi-workshop ye-cleanroom yekilasi 10,000 noma yekilasi 100,000. Izidingo zepharamitha yomoya wangaphakathi zokufakwa kwe-workshop ye-cleanroom ye-LED:
1. Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama: Izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile lingu-24±2℃, kanti umswakama ohlobene ungama-55±5%.
2. Umthamo womoya omusha: Njengoba kunabantu abaningi kulolu hlobo lwe-workshop ehlanzekile engenalo uthuli, amanani aphezulu alandelayo kufanele athathwe ngokwamanani alandelayo: 10-30% wevolumu yomoya iyonke ye-workshop ye-cleanroom engaqondisi ohlangothini olulodwa; inani lomoya omusha elidingekayo ukuze kulungiswe ukukhishwa komoya ngaphakathi futhi kugcinwe inani lokucindezela okuhle ngaphakathi; qinisekisa ukuthi umthamo womoya omusha wangaphakathi ngomuntu ngamunye ngehora u-≥40m3/h.
3. Umthamo omkhulu womoya. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuhlanzeka kanye nokulinganisela kokushisa kanye nomswakama endaweni yokusebenzela yokuhlanza, kudingeka umthamo omkhulu womoya. Kwindawo yokusebenzela engamamitha-skwele angu-300 enokuphakama kophahla okungamamitha angu-2.5, uma kuyi-workshop yegumbi lokuhlanza yekilasi 10,000, umthamo womoya udinga ukuba ngu-300*2.5*30=22500m3/h (imvamisa yokushintsha umoya ingu-≥25 izikhathi/h); uma kuyi-workshop yegumbi lokuhlanza yekilasi 100,000, umthamo womoya kudingeka ube ngu-300*2.5*20=15000m3/h (imvamisa yokushintsha umoya ingu-≥15 izikhathi/h).
Ezokwelapha kanye nempilo:
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bubizwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile. Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezivamile zokushisa nomswakama emakamelweni anomoya opholile, kusetshenziswa izikhungo ezahlukene zobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphathwa okuqinile ukulawula okuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya zangaphakathi, ukuhamba komoya, ingcindezi, njll. ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile. Lolu hlobo lwegumbi lubizwa ngokuthi igumbi elihlanzekile. Igumbi elihlanzekile liyakhiwa futhi lisetshenziswe esibhedlela. Ngokuthuthuka kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezempilo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile busetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zezokwelapha, kanti nezidingo zobuchwepheshe ngokwazo nazo ziphakeme. Amakamelo ahlanzekile asetshenziswa ekwelapheni kwezokwelapha ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngezigaba ezintathu: amakamelo okuhlinzwa ahlanzekile, amawadi abahlengikazi ahlanzekile kanye nama-laboratory ahlanzekile.
Igumbi lokusebenza le-Modular:
Igumbi lokusebenza le-Modular lithatha ama-microorganisms angaphakathi njengenhloso yokulawula, imingcele yokusebenza kanye nezinkomba zokuhlukaniswa, futhi ukuhlanzeka komoya kuyisimo esidingekayo sokuqinisekisa. Igumbi lokusebenza le-Modular lingahlukaniswa ngamazinga alandelayo ngokuya ngezinga lokuhlanzeka:
1. Igumbi lokuhlinzwa elikhethekile: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokuhlinzwa kuyisigaba 100, kanti indawo ezungezile iyisigaba 1,000. Ifanelekela ukuhlinzwa okungenamagciwane njengokusha, ukuguqulwa kwamalunga, ukufakelwa kwezitho, ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho, ukuhlolwa kwamehlo, ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kanye nokuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo.
2. Igumbi lokuhlinza eliyi-Modular: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokuhlinza kuyisigaba 1000, kanti indawo ezungezile iyisigaba 10,000. Ifanelekela ukuhlinzwa okungenamagciwane njengokuhlinzwa kwesifuba, ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki, i-urology, ukuhlinzwa kwesibindi kanye ne-pancreatic, ukuhlinzwa kwamathambo kanye nokutholwa kwamaqanda.
3. Igumbi lokuhlinzwa elijwayelekile: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokuhlinzwa kuyisigaba se-10,000, kanti indawo ezungezile iyisigaba se-100,000. Ifanele ukuhlinzwa okuvamile, i-dermatology kanye nokuhlinzwa kwesisu.
4. Igumbi lokuhlinza elihlanzekile ngokwezinga: Ukuhlanzeka komoya kuyisigaba esingu-100,000, okufanelekela ukubelethisa, ukuhlinzwa kwe-anorectal kanye neminye imisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwezinga lokuhlanzeka kanye nokuhlushwa kwamagciwane egumbini lokuhlinza elihlanzekile, imingcele efanele yobuchwepheshe kufanele futhi ihambisane nemithethonqubo efanele. Bheka ithebula eliyinhloko lemingcele yobuchwepheshe lamakamelo kuwo wonke amazinga emnyangweni wokusebenza ohlanzekile. Ukuhlelwa kwegumbi lokuhlinza elihlanzekile ngokwezinga kufanele kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: indawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile ngokwezidingo ezijwayelekile. Igumbi lokuhlinza kanye namakamelo asebenzayo akhonza ngqo igumbi lokuhlinza kufanele abekwe endaweni ehlanzekile. Lapho abantu nezinto bedlula ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuhlanzeka egumbini lokuhlinza elihlanzekile, kufanele kufakwe i-airlocks, amakamelo okugcina noma ibhokisi lokuposa. Igumbi lokuhlinza ngokuvamile litholakala engxenyeni eyinhloko. Ifomu langaphakathi lendiza kanye nesiteshi kufanele lihambisane nezimiso zokugeleza kokusebenza kanye nokuhlukaniswa okucacile kokuhlanzekile nokungcolile.
Izinhlobo eziningana zamawadi ahlanzekile okunakekela abahlengikazi esibhedlela:
Amawadi ahlanzekile okunakekela ahlukaniswe ngamawadi okuhlukaniswa kanye namayunithi okunakekelwa okujulile. Amawadi okuhlukaniswa ahlukaniswe amazinga amane ngokuya ngengozi yezinto eziphilayo: i-P1, i-P2, i-P3, kanye ne-P4. Amawadi e-P1 ngokuyisisekelo afana namawadi avamile, futhi akukho ukuvinjelwa okukhethekile kwabangaphandle kokungena nokuphuma; Amawadi e-P2 aqinile kunamawadi e-P1, kanti abangaphandle ngokuvamile abavunyelwe ukungena nokuphuma; Amawadi e-P3 ahlukaniswe ngaphandle ngeminyango esindayo noma amakamelo okugcina, kanti ingcindezi yangaphakathi yegumbi ayilungile; Amawadi e-P4 ahlukaniswe ngaphandle yizindawo zokuhlukaniswa, kanti ingcindezi yangaphakathi engalungile ihlala njalo ku-30Pa. Abasebenzi bezokwelapha bagqoka izingubo zokuzivikela ukuvimbela ukutheleleka. Amayunithi okunakekelwa okujulile afaka phakathi i-ICU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa okujulile), i-CCU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa kweziguli zenhliziyo), i-NICU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa kwezinsana ezingakafiki isikhathi), igumbi le-leukemia, njll. Izinga lokushisa legumbi le-leukemia lingu-242, isivinini somoya singu-0.15-0.3/m/s, umswakama ohlobene ungaphansi kuka-60%, kanye nokuhlanzeka kuyisigaba 100. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umoya ohlanzekile kakhulu olethwayo kufanele ufinyelele ekhanda lesiguli kuqala, ukuze indawo yokuphefumula yomlomo nekhala ibe ohlangothini lokunikezwa komoya, futhi ukugeleza okuvundlile kube ngcono. Ukulinganiswa kokuhlushwa kwamagciwane egunjini lokusha kukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugeleza kwe-laminar okuqondile kunezinzuzo ezisobala kunokwelashwa okuvulekile, ngesivinini somjovo we-laminar esingu-0.2m/s, izinga lokushisa elingu-28-34, kanye nezinga lokuhlanzeka lesigaba 1000. Amagunjini ezitho zokuphefumula awavamile eShayina. Lolu hlobo lwegunjini lunezidingo eziqinile ekushiseni nasekuswakameni kwangaphakathi. Izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ku-23-30℃, umswakama ohlobene ungama-40-60%, futhi iwadi ngayinye ingalungiswa ngokwezidingo zesiguli. Izinga lokuhlanzeka lilawulwa phakathi kwesigaba 10 nesigaba 10000, futhi umsindo ungaphansi kwama-45dB (A). Abasebenzi abangena ewadini kufanele bahlanzwe njengokushintsha izingubo nokugeza, kanti iwadi kufanele igcine ingcindezi enhle.
Ilebhu:
Amalabhorethri ahlukaniswe ngamalabhorethri ajwayelekile kanye namalabhorethri okuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa emalabhorethri ajwayelekile ahlanzekile akuthelelani, kodwa indawo ezungezile iyadingeka ukuze ingabi nemiphumela emibi ekuhlolweni ngokwako. Ngakho-ke, azikho izindawo zokuzivikela elabhorethri, futhi ukuhlanzeka kumele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlolwa.
Ilabhorethri yokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo iwukuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo okunezikhungo zokuvikela eziyinhloko ezingafinyelela ukuvikelwa kwesibili. Zonke izivivinyo zesayensi emikhakheni ye-microbiology, i-biomedicine, izivivinyo ezisebenzayo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo kudinga amalabhorethri okuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo. Ingqikithi yamalabhorethri okuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo ukuphepha, ahlukaniswe amazinga amane: i-P1, i-P2, i-P3, kanye ne-P4 ngokuya ngezinga lengozi yezinto eziphilayo.
Amalabhorethri e-P1 afanelekela amagciwane ajwayelekile kakhulu, angavami ukubangela izifo kubantu abadala abanempilo futhi angabangeli ingozi enkulu kubasebenzi bokuhlola kanye nemvelo. Umnyango kufanele uvalwe ngesikhathi sokuhlola futhi umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe ngokwezivivinyo ezivamile ze-microbiological; amalabhorethri e-P2 afanelekela amagciwane angaba yingozi kubantu kanye nemvelo. Ukufinyelela endaweni yokuhlola kunqunyelwe. Izivivinyo ezingase zibangele ama-aerosol kufanele zenziwe kumakhabhinethi okuphepha kwe-bio weSigaba II, futhi ama-autoclave kufanele atholakale; amalabhorethri e-P3 asetshenziswa ezindaweni zomtholampilo, zokuxilonga, zokufundisa, noma zokukhiqiza. Umsebenzi ohlobene namagciwane angaphandle kanye nangaphandle wenziwa kuleli zinga. Ukuvezwa kanye nokuhogela kwamagciwane kuzobangela izifo ezinkulu nezibulalayo. Ilabhorethri ifakwe iminyango emibili noma izingidi zomoya kanye nendawo yokuhlola yangaphandle ehlukanisiwe. Amalungu angewona abasebenzi avinjelwe ukungena. Ilabhorethri icindezelwe kabi ngokuphelele. Amakhabhinethi okuphepha kwe-bio weSigaba II asetshenziselwa izivivinyo. Izihlungi ze-Hepa zisetshenziselwa ukuhlunga umoya wangaphakathi nokuwukhipha ngaphandle. Amalabhorethri e-P4 anezidingo eziqinile kunelabhorethri ze-P3. Amanye amagciwane angaphandle ayingozi anengozi enkulu yokutheleleka kwelabhorethri kanye nezifo ezisongela ukuphila ezibangelwa ukudluliselwa kwe-aerosol. Umsebenzi ofanele kufanele wenziwe emalabhorethri e-P4. Isakhiwo sendawo yokuzihlukanisa esizimele esakhiweni kanye nengxenye yangaphandle siyamukelwa. Ingcindezi engemihle igcinwa ngaphakathi. Amakhabethe e-biosafety ekilasi lesi-3 asetshenziselwa izivivinyo. Amadivayisi okuhlukanisa umoya kanye namakamelo okugeza ayamiswa. Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke izingubo zokuzivikela. Amalungu angewona abasebenzi avinjelwe ukungena. Ingqikithi yokuklama amalabhorethri e-biosafety ukuhlukaniswa okuguquguqukayo, futhi izinyathelo zokukhipha umoya yizona ezigxilwe kuzo. Ukuhlanza amagciwane endaweni kuyagcizelelwa, futhi kugxilwe ekuhlukaniseni amanzi ahlanzekile nangcolile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala ngengozi. Kudingeka ukuhlanzeka okulinganiselwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-26-2024