Imboni yokukhiqiza ngogesi:
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompiyutha, ama-microelectronics kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi, imboni yokukhiqiza i-elekthronikhi ithuthuke ngokushesha, futhi nobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile buye baqhutshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwabekwa izidingo eziphakeme zokuklama igumbi elihlanzekile. Ukwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi kuwubuchwepheshe obuphelele. Kuphela ngokuqonda ngokuphelele izici zokuklama zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza i-elekthronikhi kanye nokwenza imiklamo ephusile lapho izinga lemikhiqizo embonini yokukhiqiza ngogesi lingancishiswa futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Izici zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza kagesi:
Izidingo zezinga lenhlanzeko ziphezulu, futhi umthamo womoya, izinga lokushisa, umswakama, umehluko wengcindezi, kanye nemishini yokukhipha umoya kulawulwa njengoba kudingeka. Ukukhanya kanye nesivinini somoya sesigaba segumbi elihlanzekile kulawulwa ngokuya ngokuklama noma ukucaciswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwegumbi elihlanzekile linezidingo eziqinile kakhulu kugesi omile. Izidingo zomswakama zinzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ugesi ongashintshi ukhiqizwa kalula efekthri eyome ngokweqile, udala umonakalo ekuhlanganisweni kwe-CMOS. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lefekthri ye-elekthronikhi kufanele lilawulwe cishe ku-22 ° C, futhi umswakama ohlobene kufanele ulawulwe phakathi kuka-50-60% (kunemithetho efanele yezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wekamelo elihlanzekile elikhethekile). Ngalesi sikhathi, ugesi omile ungaqedwa ngempumelelo futhi abantu bangazizwa bekhululekile. Ama-workshops okukhiqiza ama-chip, igumbi elihlanzekile lesifunda elihlanganisiwe kanye nama-workshops okukhiqiza ama-disk kuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zegumbi elihlanzekile embonini yokukhiqiza ugesi. Njengoba imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi inezidingo eziqine kakhulu endaweni yomoya wasendlini kanye nekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza, igxila kakhulu ekulawuleni izinhlayiya nothuli oluntantayo, futhi inemithetho eqinile mayelana nezinga lokushisa, umswakama, umthamo womoya omusha, umsindo, njll. .
1. Izinga lomsindo (isimo esingenalutho) ekilasini elingu-10,000 igumbi elihlanzekile lemboni yokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi: akufanele libe likhulu kuno-65dB (A).
2. Isilinganiso esigcwele sokumboza segumbi elihlanzekile lokugeleza okuqondile embonini yokukhiqiza ugesi akumele libe ngaphansi kuka-60%, futhi igumbi elihlanzekile elivundlile le-unidirectional elihlanzekile akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-40%, ngaphandle kwalokho lizoba ukugeleza okuyingxenye yendawo yonke.
3. Umehluko wengcindezi emile phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile nangaphandle kwesikhungo sokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-10Pa, futhi umehluko wengcindezi emile phakathi kwendawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile enokuhlanzeka komoya okuhlukile akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-5Pa. .
4. Inani lomoya ohlanzekile ekilasini elingu-10,000 igumbi elihlanzekile lemboni yokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi kufanele lithathe ubuningi balezi zinto ezimbili ezilandelayo:
① Unxephezela isamba sevolumu yokukhipha umoya wasendlini kanye nenani lomoya omusha odingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ivelu yokucindezela okuhle kwangaphakathi.
② Qinisekisa ukuthi inani lomoya ohlanzekile olethwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile ngomuntu ngamunye ngehora alikho ngaphansi kuka-40m3.
③ Ihitha yesistimu ye-air conditioning yokuhlanza igumbi embonini yokukhiqiza ye-elekthronikhi kufanele ifakwe umoya omusha kanye nokuvikelwa kokuvala amandla okudlula izinga lokushisa. Uma kusetshenziswa i-humidification yamaphuzu, ukuvikelwa okungenamanzi kufanele kusethwe. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, isistimu yomoya omusha kufanele ifakwe izindlela zokuvikela ukuqanda. Umthamo wokunikezwa komoya wekamelo elihlanzekile kufanele uthathe inani eliphezulu lezinto ezintathu ezilandelayo: umthamo wokuhambisa umoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lokuhlanzeka komoya legumbi elihlanzekile lemboni yokukhiqiza i-electronic; umthamo wokunikezwa komoya wegumbi elihlanzekile lefektri ye-elekthronikhi unqunywa ngokuya ngokubala komthwalo wokushisa nomswakama; inani lomoya ohlanzekile ohlinzekwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile lemboni yokukhiqiza ngogesi.
Imboni ye-Biomanufacturing:
Izici zezimboni ze-biopharmaceutical:
1. I-Biopharmaceutical cleanroom ayinayo kuphela izindleko zemishini ephezulu, izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi, izidingo eziphakeme zamazinga okuhlanzeka kanye nobunyumba, kodwa futhi inezidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yabasebenzi bokukhiqiza.
2. Izingozi ezingenzeka zebhayoloji zizovela ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi izingozi zokutheleleka, amagciwane afile noma amaseli afile kanye nezingxenye noma i-metabolism emzimbeni womuntu nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinobuthi, ukuzwela kanye nokunye ukusabela kwebhayoloji, ubuthi bomkhiqizo, ukuzwela kanye nokunye ukusabela kwebhayoloji, indawo ezungezile. imiphumela.
Indawo ehlanzekile: Igumbi (indawo) lapho izinhlayiya zothuli kanye nokungcoliswa kwamagciwane endaweni ezungezile kudingeka kulawulwe. Isakhiwo sayo, izinto zokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kunomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukwethulwa, ukukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kokungcola endaweni.
I-Airlock: Indawo engayodwa enezicabha ezimbili noma ngaphezulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili noma ngaphezulu (njengamakamelo anamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka). Inhloso yokumisa i-airlock ukulawula ukugeleza komoya lapho abantu noma izinto kungena futhi ziphuma ku-airlock. Ama-Airlocks ahlukaniswe abe ama-airlocks abasebenzi kanye nama-airlocks wempahla.
Izici eziyisisekelo zegumbi elihlanzekile le-biopharmaceuticals: izinhlayiya zothuli kanye nama-microorganisms kumele kube yizinto zokulawula imvelo. Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza imithi ihlukaniswe ngamazinga amane: ikilasi lendawo 100, ikilasi 1000, ikilasi 10000 kanye nekilasi 30000 ngaphansi kwesizinda sekilasi 100 noma isigaba 10000.
Ukushisa kwekamelo elihlanzekile: ngaphandle kwezidingo ezikhethekile, ku-18 ~ 26 degrees, futhi umswakama ohlobene ulawulwa ku-45% ~ 65%. Ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwama-workshops ahlanzekile e-biopharmaceutical: ukulawulwa kwemithombo yokungcola, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokusabalalisa, nokulawula ukungcoliswa okuphambene. Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bomuthi ohlanzekile wegumbi ngokuyinhloko ukulawula uthuli nama-microorganisms. Njengokungcola, ama-microorganisms abaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni imvelo yegumbi elihlanzekile. Ukungcola okuqoqwe emishinini nasemapayipini endaweni ehlanzekile yesikhungo sokwenza imithi kungangcolisa imithi ngokuqondile, kodwa akuthinti ukuhlolwa kwenhlanzeko. Izinga lenhlanzeko alifanele ukuveza izici ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali, ezikhipha imisebe nezibalulekile zezinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Ukungajwayelani nenqubo yokukhiqiza izidakamizwa, izimbangela zokungcola kanye nezindawo lapho ukungcola kunqwabelana khona, nezindlela namazinga okuhlola okukhipha ukungcola.
Izimo ezilandelayo zijwayelekile ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe be-GMP bezitshalo zokwenza imithi:
Ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle kwe-subjective cognition, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile enqubweni yokulawula ukungcola akukuhle, futhi ekugcineni ezinye izitshalo zemithi zitshale imali enkulu ekuguquleni, kodwa izinga lezidakamizwa alizange lithuthukiswe kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezikhiqiza imithi ehlanzekile, ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwemishini nezinsiza ezitshalweni, ikhwalithi yezinto ezingavuthiwe neziyisizayo kanye nezinto zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokuqaliswa okungekuhle kwezinqubo zokulawula abantu abahlanzekile nezindawo ezihlanzekile. izothinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Izizathu ezithinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ekwakhiweni ukuthi kunezinkinga kusixhumanisi sokulawula inqubo, futhi kunezingozi ezifihliwe phakathi nenqubo yokufaka nokwakhiwa, okumi kanje:
① Udonga lwangaphakathi lwepayipi lomoya lokuhlanza aluhlanzekile, uxhumo aluqinile, futhi izinga lokuvuza likhulu kakhulu;
② Isakhiwo esivalekile sepuleti lensimbi enombala asiqinile, izilinganiso zokuvala phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile kanye ne-mezzanine yobuchwepheshe (uphahla) azifanelekile, futhi umnyango ovaliwe awunawo umoya;
③ Amaphrofayili okuhlobisa namapayipi enqubo enza amakhona afile kanye nokunqwabelana kothuli egunjini elihlanzekile;
④ Ezinye izindawo azakhiwe ngokuya ngezidingo zedizayini futhi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezifanele kanye nemithethonqubo;
⑤ Izinga lesealant elisetshenzisiwe alikho ezingeni, kulula ukuwa, futhi liwohloke;
⑥ Ama-aisles epuleti lensimbi anombala wokubuya ne-exhaust axhunyiwe, futhi uthuli lungena epayipini lomoya elibuyayo lisuka kumbhobho;
⑦ I-internal wall weld ayakheka lapho kushiselwa amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali ahlanzekile njengamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile kanye namanzi omjovo;
⑧ I-valve yokuhlola ipayipi lomoya ayisebenzi, futhi ukuphuma komoya emuva kubangela ukungcola;
⑨ Izinga lokufakwa kwesistimu yokukhipha amanzi alikho ezingeni, futhi indawo yokubeka ipayipi nezinye izinto kulula ukuqoqa uthuli;
⑩ Isilungiselelo somehluko wengcindezi yegumbi elihlanzekile asifanelekile futhi siyehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Imboni yokuphrinta nokupakisha:
Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, imikhiqizo yemboni yokunyathelisa kanye nemboni yokupakisha nayo iye yaba ngcono. Imishini yokunyathelisa emikhulu ingenile endlini ehlanzekile, engathuthukisa kakhulu izinga lemikhiqizo ephrintiwe futhi ikhulise kakhulu izinga elifanelekayo lemikhiqizo. Lokhu futhi ukuhlanganiswa okungcono kakhulu kwemboni yokuhlanza kanye nemboni yokunyathelisa. Ukuphrinta kukhombisa ngokuyinhloko izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama womkhiqizo endaweni ezungezile yesikhala, inani lezinhlayiya zothuli, futhi ngokuqondile kudlala indima ebalulekile kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nesilinganiso esifanelekayo. Imboni yokupakisha ibonakala kakhulu emazingeni okushisa kanye nomswakama wendawo yendawo, inani lezinhlayiya zothuli emoyeni, kanye nezinga lamanzi emaphaketheni okudla kanye nokupakishwa kwemithi. Yebo, izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zabasebenzi bokukhiqiza nazo zibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukufafaza okungenazintuli kuyinkundla yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza evaliwe ezimele eyakhiwe ngamaphaneli amasemishi ensimbi, angahluza ngempumelelo ukungcoliswa komoya omubi emikhiqizweni futhi anciphise uthuli endaweni yokufafaza kanye nezinga elingasebenzi kahle lomkhiqizo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungenalo uthuli kuthuthukisa futhi ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo, efana ne-TV/ikhompyutha, igobolondo lomakhalekhukhwini, i-DVD/VCD, ikhonsoli yegeyimu, irekhoda yevidiyo, ikhompuyutha ephathwa ngesandla ye-PDA, igobolondo lekhamera, okulalelwayo, isomisi sezinwele, i-MD, izimonyo. , amathoyizi nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Inqubo: indawo yokulayisha → ukususwa kothuli okwenziwa ngesandla → ukususwa kothuli lwe-electrostatic → ukufafaza ngesandla/okuzenzakalelayo → indawo yokomisa → indawo yokwelapha kapende we-UV → indawo yokupholisa → indawo yokuphrinta isikrini → indawo yokuhlola ikhwalithi → indawo yokwamukela.
Ukufakazela ukuthi indawo yokusebenzela yokupakisha engenazo izintuli isebenza ngendlela egculisayo, kufanele kufakazelwe ukuthi ihlangabezana nezidingo zale mibandela elandelayo:
① Ivolumu yokuphakelwa komoya yendawo yokusebenzela engenathuli yokupakisha yanele ukuhlambulula noma ukuqeda ukungcola okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi.
② Umoya osendaweni yokusebenzela engenazo izintuli ezipakishwayo ugeleza usuka endaweni ehlanzekile uye endaweni lapho unenhlanzeko embi, ukugeleza komoya ongcolile kuyancishiswa, futhi indlela yokuhamba komoya emnyango nasesakhiweni esingaphakathi ilungile.
③ Ukunikezwa komoya kwendawo yokusebenzela engenazo izintuli ezipakishwayo ngeke kwandise kakhulu ukungcola kwasendlini.
④ Isimo sokunyakaza komoya wasendlini endaweni yokusebenzela engenazo izintuli zokupakisha ukudla kungaqinisekisa ukuthi ayikho indawo yokuhlangana ephezulu egumbini elivaliwe. Uma igumbi elihlanzekile lihlangabezana nezidingo zale mibandela engenhla, ukugxilwa kwalo kwezinhlayiyana noma ukugxiliswa kwamagciwane (uma kunesidingo) kungalinganiswa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi lihlangabezana nezindinganiso zegumbi elihlanzekile elishiwo.
Imboni yokupakisha ukudla:
1. Ukunikezwa komoya kanye nevolumu yokukhipha umoya: Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile elineziyaluyalu, khona-ke umoya walo kanye nevolumu yokukhipha umoya kufanele kulinganiswe. Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile elingaqondile, isivinini salo somoya kufanele silinganiswe.
2. Ukulawulwa kokugeleza komoya phakathi kwezindawo: Ukufakazela ukuthi indlela yokuhamba komoya phakathi kwezindawo ilungile, okungukuthi, ugeleza usuka endaweni ehlanzekile uye endaweni enenhlanzeko embi, kuyadingeka ukuhlola:
① Umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwendawo ngayinye ulungile;
② Isiqondiso sokugeleza komoya emnyango noma izimbobo odongeni, phansi, njll. ilungile, okungukuthi, igeleza isuka endaweni ehlanzekile iye endaweni ngokungahlanzeki kahle.
3. Ukutholwa kokuvuza kwesihlungi: Isihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nohlaka lwaso lwangaphandle kufanele kuhlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukungcola okumisiwe ngeke kudlule:
① Isihlungi esilimele;
② Igebe phakathi kwesihlungi nohlaka lwaso lwangaphandle;
③ Ezinye izingxenye zedivayisi yokuhlunga futhi zihlasele igumbi.
4. Ukutholwa kokuvuza kokuhlukaniswa: Lokhu kuhlola okokufakazela ukuthi ukungcola okumisiwe akungeni ezintweni zokwakha futhi kungene egumbini elihlanzekile.
5. Ukulawula ukugeleza komoya kwasendlini: Uhlobo lokuhlolwa kokulawula ukugeleza komoya luncike kuphethini yokugeleza komoya yegumbi elihlanzekile - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linesiyaluyalu noma aliqondise ngakunye. Uma ukugeleza komoya kwegumbi elihlanzekile kunesiphithiphithi, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayikho indawo egumbini lapho ukugeleza komoya kunganele. Uma kuyigumbi elihlanzekile elingaqondile, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivinini somoya nesiqondiso somoya segumbi lonke kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuklama.
6. Ukugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana ezimisiwe nokugxiliswa kwamagciwane: Uma ukuhlolwa okungenhla kuhlangabezana nezidingo, ukugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana nokugxiliswa kwamagciwane (uma kudingekile) ekugcineni kuyalinganiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zomklamo wegumbi elihlanzekile.
7. Okunye ukuhlola: Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuhlola okungenhla kokulawula ukungcola, ukuhlolwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo kufanele ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwe: izinga lokushisa; umswakama ohlobene; Ukushisa kwangaphakathi kanye namandla okupholisa; inani lomsindo; ukukhanya; inani lokudlidliza.
Imboni yokupakisha yezemithi:
1. Izidingo zokulawula imvelo:
① Nikeza ngeleveli yokuhlanza umoya edingekayo ekukhiqizeni. Inombolo yezinhlayiya zothuli lomoya kanye nama-microorganisms aphilayo kuphrojekthi yokuhlanza ishabhu lokupakisha kufanele ihlolwe njalo futhi irekhodwe. Umehluko wengcindezi emile phakathi kwama-workshops okupakisha amazinga ahlukene kufanele ugcinwe ngaphakathi kwevelu eshiwo.
② Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wephrojekthi yokuhlanza indawo yokusebenzela yokupakisha kufanele ihambisane nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza.
③ Indawo yokukhiqiza yama-penicillin, izidakamizwa ezingezwani kakhulu nezilwa nesimila kufanele zifakwe uhlelo oluzimele lwe-air-conditioning, kanye negesi yokukhipha umoya kufanele ihlanzwe.
④ Emakamelweni akhiqiza uthuli, izisetshenziswa ezisebenzayo zokuqoqa uthuli kufanele zifakwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kothuli.
⑤ Emagumbini okukhiqiza asizayo njengendawo yokugcina, izindawo zokungenisa umoya kanye nezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwemithi kanye nokupakishwa.
2. Indawo yokuhlanzeka kanye nemvamisa yokukhipha umoya: Igumbi elihlanzekile kufanele lilawule ngokuqinile ukuhlanzeka komoya, kanye nemingcele efana nezinga lokushisa lendawo ezungezile, umswakama, umthamo womoya omusha kanye nomehluko wokucindezela.
① Izinga lokuhlanza kanye nemvamisa yokungena komoya yendawo yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza imithi kanye nokupakishwa Ukuhlanzeka komoya kwephrojekthi yokuhlanza yeshabhu yokukhiqiza imithi nokupakishwa kuhlukaniswe ngamaleveli amane: ikilasi 100, ikilasi 10,000, ikilasi 100,000 kanye nekilasi 300,000. Ukuze unqume imvamisa ye-ventilation yekamelo elihlanzekile, kuyadingeka ukuqhathanisa umthamo womoya wento ngayinye futhi uthathe inani eliphezulu. Ekusebenzeni, imvamisa yokungena komoya yekilasi 100 izikhathi ezingama-300-400 / h, ikilasi le-10,000 liyizikhathi ezingama-25-35 / h, futhi ikilasi 100,000 izikhathi eziyi-15-20 / h.
② Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo okuhlanzekile kwephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza leshabhu yokupakisha yemithi. Ukuklanywa kwendawo ethile yokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqizwa kwemithi nendawo yokupakisha kusekelwe kuzinga likazwelonke elijwayelekile lokuhlanzwa.
③ Ukunqunywa kweminye imingcele yemvelo yephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza leshabhu yokupakisha.
④ Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wephrojekthi yegumbi lokuhlanza leshabhu yokupakisha. Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wekamelo elihlanzekile kufanele uhambisane nenqubo yokukhiqiza imithi. Izinga lokushisa: 20 ~ 23 ℃ (ehlobo) ekilasini 100 kanye nekilasi 10,000 inhlanzeko, 24 ~ 26 ℃ ekilasini 100,000 kanye nekilasi 300,000 inhlanzeko, 26 ~ 27 ℃ ezindaweni ezijwayelekile. Ukuhlanzeka kwekilasi le-100 kanye ne-10,000 kungamagumbi angenalutho. Umswakama ohlobene: 45-50% (ehlobo) wezidakamizwa ze-hygroscopic, 50% ~ 55% amalungiselelo aqinile njengamaphilisi, 55% ~ 65% emijovo yamanzi noketshezi lomlomo.
⑤ Hlanza ingcindezi yegumbi ukuze ulondoloze ukuhlanzeka kwangaphakathi, ukucindezela okuhle kufanele kugcinwe ngaphakathi endlini. Emakamelo ahlanzekile akhiqiza uthuli, izinto eziyingozi, futhi akhiqize izidakamizwa ze-penicillin-allergenic kakhulu, ukungcola kwangaphandle kufanele kuvinjwe noma ukucindezela okungalungile okuhlobene kufanele kugcinwe phakathi kwezindawo. Ukucindezela okuqinile kwamakamelo anamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka. Ingcindezi yasendlini kufanele igcinwe ilungile, ngomehluko ongaphezu kuka-5Pa ukusuka ekamelweni eliseduze, futhi umehluko wengcindezi emile phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile nomoya wangaphandle kufanele ube mkhulu kuno-10Pa.
Imboni yokudla:
Ukudla kuyisidingo sokuqala sabantu, futhi izifo ziphuma emlonyeni, ngakho ukuphepha nokukhucululwa kwendle embonini yokudla kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ukuphepha nokukhucululwa kwendle kokudla ngokuyinhloko kudingeka kulawulwe ezicini ezintathu: okokuqala, ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwabasebenzi abakhiqizayo; okwesibili, ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwemvelo kwangaphandle (kufanele kusungulwe indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile uma kuqhathaniswa. Okwesithathu, umthombo wokuthengwa kwempahla kufanele ungabi nampahla yomkhiqizo eyinkinga.
Indawo yomhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi yokukhiqiza ukudla ijwayele ukukhiqiza, ngokuhleleka okuphusile kanye nokukhipha amanzi ngendlela ebushelelezi; Isitezi seshabhu lakhiwe ngezinto ezingasheleli, eziqinile, ezingenamanzi nezimelana nokugqwala, futhi liyisicaba, alinamanzi anqwabelene, futhi ligcinwa lihlanzekile; ukuphuma kwe-workshop kanye nezindawo zokudonsa amanzi kanye nezindawo zokungenisa umoya ezixhunywe emhlabeni wangaphandle zifakwe izinsiza zokulwa namagundane, i-anti-fly kanye ne-anti-insect. Izindonga, usilingi, iminyango namafasitela endaweni yokusebenzela kufanele kwakhiwe ngezinto ezingenabuthi, ezinombala okhanyayo, ezingangenwa amanzi, zingangenwa isikhutha, ezingachithi futhi zihlanzeke kalula. Amakhona ezindonga, amakhona aphansi kanye namakhona aphezulu kufanele abe ne-arc (i-radius of curvature akufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-3cm). Amatafula okusebenza, amabhande okuthutha, izimoto zokuthutha kanye namathuluzi endaweni yokusebenzela kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezingenabo ubuthi, ezingagqwali, ezingagqwali, zihlanzeke kalula futhi zibulale amagciwane kanye nezinto eziqinile. Inani elanele lezinto zokugeza izandla, zokubulala amagciwane nezokomisa izandla noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zimiswe ezindaweni ezifanele, futhi ompompi kufanele kube amaswishi angewona okwenziwa ngesandla. Ngokwezidingo zokucutshungulwa komkhiqizo, kufanele kube nezindawo zokubulala amagciwane ezicathulweni, amabhuzu namasondo emnyango wendawo yokusebenzela. Kufanele kube negumbi lokugqoka elixhunywe endaweni yokusebenzela. Ngokwezidingo zokucutshungulwa komkhiqizo, izindlu zangasese kanye namakamelo okugeza axhunywe endaweni yokusebenzela kufanele futhi amiswe.
I-Optoelectronics:
Igumbi lokuhlanza lemikhiqizo ye-optoelectronic ngokuvamile lilungele amathuluzi kagesi, amakhompyutha, izimboni ze-semiconductor, imboni yezimoto, imboni ye-aerospace, i-photolithography, ukukhiqiza ama-microcomputer nezinye izimboni. Ngaphezu kokuhlanzeka komoya, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zokususwa kukagesi omile ziyahlangatshezwa. Okulandelayo yisingeniso seshabhu yokuhlanza engenalo uthuli embonini ye-optoelectronics, sithatha imboni yesimanje ye-LED njengesibonelo.
Ukufakwa kwephrojekthi yegumbi lokusebenzela elihlanzekile le-LED nokuhlaziywa kwecala lokwakha: Kulo mklamo, kubhekiselwa ekufakweni kwezinye izindawo zokusebenzela ezingenalo izintuli zokuhlanzwa zezinqubo ezibulalayo, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwayo ngokuvamile kungokwesigaba 1,000, ikilasi 10,000 noma ikilasi le-100,000 lezindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile. Ukufakwa kwezindawo zokusebenzela zokuhlanza isikrini se-backlight okwenzelwe ikakhulukazi izitembu zokusebenzela, umhlangano nezinye izindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile zemikhiqizo enjalo, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwakho kuvame ukuba yizindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile zekilasi lezi-10,000 noma zekilasi elingu-100,000. Izidingo zepharamitha yomoya wasendlini zokufakwa kwendawo yokusebenzela yokuhlanza ye-LED:
1. Izimfuneko zezinga lokushisa nokuswakama: Izinga lokushisa livamise ukuba ngu-24±2℃, kanti umswakama ohlobene ngu-55±5%.
2. Umthamo womoya omusha: Njengoba kunabantu abaningi abakulolu hlobo lweshabhu yokusebenzela ehlanzekile engenalo uthuli, amanani aphezulu alandelayo kufanele athathwe ngokwala manani alandelayo: 10-30% wesamba sevolumu yokuphakelwa komoya segumbi lokuhlanza elingeyona inkombandlela eyodwa. indawo yokusebenzela; inani lomoya ohlanzekile odingekayo ukuze kunxeshezelwe umoya ophuma endlini futhi kugcinwe inani lokucindezela okuhle kwangaphakathi; qinisekisa ukuthi umthamo womoya ohlanzekile wasendlini ngomuntu ngamunye ngehora ungu-≥40m3/h.
3. Umthamo omkhulu wokuhambisa umoya. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuhlanzeka kanye nebhalansi yokushisa nokuswakama endaweni yokusebenzela ehlanzekile, kudingeka umthamo omkhulu wokuhambisa umoya. Ukuze uthole indawo yokusebenzela engamamitha-skwele angama-300 enokuphakama kophahla okungamamitha angu-2.5, uma kuyindawo yokusebenzela ehlanzekile yekilasi elingu-10,000, umthamo wokunikezwa komoya udinga ukuba ngu-300*2.5*30=22500m3/h (imvamisa yokushintsha komoya ingu-≥25 izikhathi/h ); uma kuyindawo yokusebenzela ehlanzekile yekilasi elingu-100,000, umthamo wokunikezwa komoya udinga ukuba ngu-300*2.5*20=15000m3/h (imvamisa yokushintsha komoya ingu-≥15 izikhathi/h).
Ezempilo nempilo:
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bubizwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile. Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezivamile zokushisa nomswakama emakamelweni ane-air-conditioning, izinsiza ezihlukahlukene zobunjiniyela nezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphathwa okuqinile kusetshenziselwa ukulawula okuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya zasendlini, ukugeleza komoya, ukucindezela, njll ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile. Lolu hlobo lwegumbi lubizwa ngokuthi ikamelo elihlanzekile. Igumbi elihlanzekile lakhiwa futhi lisetshenziswe esibhedlela. Ngokuthuthukiswa kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezempilo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile busetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zezokwelapha, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe ngokwazo nazo ziphakeme. Amakamelo ahlanzekile asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa ahlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezintathu: amagumbi okuhlinza ahlanzekile, amawodi ahlanzekile abahlengikazi kanye namalabhorethri ahlanzekile.
Igumbi lokusebenza Modular:
Igumbi lokusebenza le-modular lithatha ama-microorganisms angaphakathi njengethagethi yokulawula, imingcele yokusebenza nezinkomba zokuhlukanisa, futhi ukuhlanzeka komoya kuyisimo sokuqinisekisa esidingekayo. Igumbi lokusebenza le-modular lingahlukaniswa ngamaleveli alandelayo ngokuya ngezinga lokuhlanzeka:
1. Igumbi lokuhlinza elikhethekile le-modular: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokusebenza kuyikilasi le-100, futhi indawo ezungezile iyikilasi lesi-1,000. Ilungele ukuhlinzwa kwe-aseptic njengokusha, ukuguqulwa kwamalunga, ukufakelwa izitho zomzimba, ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho, i-ophthalmology, ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki nokuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo.
2. Igumbi lokuhlinza elijwayelekile: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo okuhlinzelwa kuyo yi-class 1000, futhi indawo ezungezile iyikilasi le-10,000. Ilungele ukuhlinzwa kwe-aseptic njengokuhlinzwa kwe-thoracic, ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki, i-urology, ukuhlinzwa kwe-hepatobiliary kanye ne-pancreatic, ukuhlinzwa kwamathambo kanye nokubuyiswa kwamaqanda.
3. Igumbi lokuhlinza elijwayelekile le-modular: Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokusebenza kuyikilasi le-10,000, futhi indawo ezungezile iyikilasi lezi-100,000. Ilungele ukuhlinzwa okuvamile, i-dermatology nokuhlinzwa kwesisu.
4. Igumbi lokuhlinza i-Quasi-clean modular: Ukuhlanzeka komoya kuyisigaba 100,000, kufanelekile ukubelethisa, ukuhlinzwa kwe-anorectal nokunye. Ngaphezu kwezinga lokuhlanzeka kanye nokugcwala kwamagciwane egunjini lokuhlinzela elihlanzekile, imingcele yezobuchwepheshe efanele kufanele futhi ihambisane nemithethonqubo efanele. Bheka ithebula lamapharamitha wezobuchwepheshe ayinhloko wamagumbi kuwo wonke amazinga emnyangweni wokusebenza ohlanzekile. Ukuhlelwa kwendiza yegumbi lokusebenza le-modular kufanele kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: indawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezijwayelekile. Igumbi lokuhlinzela kanye namakamelo asebenzayo asebenzela igumbi lokuhlinzela ngokuqondile kufanele abekwe endaweni ehlanzekile. Lapho abantu nezinto bedlula ezindaweni zokuhlanzeka ezihlukene ekamelweni lokusebenza eliyimojuli, izingidi zomoya, amagumbi okuvimba noma ibhokisi lokudlula kufanele kufakwe. Igumbi lokuhlinza ngokuvamile litholakala engxenyeni eyinhloko. Indiza yangaphakathi nefomu lesiteshi kufanele lihambisane nezimiso zokugeleza okusebenzayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okucacile kokuhlanzekile nokungcolile.
Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamawodi abahlengikazi ahlanzekile esibhedlela:
Amawodi abahlengikazi ahlanzekile ahlukaniswe abe amawodi okuhlala ngabodwa kanye nezindawo zabagula kakhulu. Izigceme zokuzihlukanisa zihlukaniswe ngamazinga amane ngokuya ngengozi yezinto eziphilayo: i-P1, i-P2, i-P3, ne-P4. Izigceme ze-P1 ngokuyisisekelo ziyafana nezigceme ezijwayelekile, futhi akukho ukuvinjelwa okukhethekile kwabangaphandle abangena nabaphumayo; Izigceme ze-P2 ziqinile kunezigceme ze-P1, futhi abangaphandle ngokuvamile banqatshelwe ukungena nokuphuma; Izigceme ze-P3 zihlukanisiwe ngaphandle ngeminyango esindayo noma amagumbi e-buffer, futhi ukucindezela kwangaphakathi kwekamelo kubi; Izigceme ze-P4 zihlukaniswa ngaphandle ngezindawo ezizimele, futhi ingcindezi engalungile yasendlini ihlala njalo ku-30Pa. Izisebenzi zezokwelapha zigqoka izingubo zokuzivikela ukuze zivikele izifo. Amayunithi okunakekelwa okujulile ahlanganisa i-ICU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa okujulile), i-CCU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa kwesiguli senhliziyo), i-NICU (iyunithi yokunakekelwa kwezingane ngaphambi kwesikhathi), igumbi le-leukemia, njll. Izinga lokushisa lekamelo legumbi le-leukemia liyi-242, isivinini somoya ngu-0.15-0.3 / m/s, umswakama ohlobene ungaphansi kuka-60%, futhi ukuhlanzeka kuyisigaba 100. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umoya ohlanzekile olethwa kufanele ufinyelele ekhanda lesiguli. okokuqala, ukuze umlomo nekhala indawo yokuphefumula isehlangothini lokuphakelwa komoya, futhi ukugeleza okuvundlile kungcono. Isilinganiso sokuhlushwa kwamagciwane esigcemeni sokushiswa sibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugeleza kwe-laminar eqondile kunezinzuzo ezisobala ngaphezu kokwelashwa okuvulekile, ngesivinini sokujova i-laminar engu-0.2m/s, izinga lokushisa elingu-28-34, kanye nezinga lokuhlanzeka lekilasi 1000. Ukuphefumula izigceme zezitho azivamile e-China. Lolu hlobo lwesigceme lunezidingo eziqinile mayelana nezinga lokushisa lasendlini kanye nomswakama. Izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ku-23-30℃, umswakama ohlobene ngu-40-60%, futhi isigceme ngasinye singalungiswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zesiguli. Izinga lokuhlanzeka lilawulwa phakathi kwekilasi 10 nekilasi 10000, futhi umsindo ungaphansi kuka-45dB (A). Izisebenzi ezingena ewadini kufanele zihlanzwe njengokushintsha izingubo nokushawa, futhi isigceme kufanele sigcine ingcindezi.
Ilabhorethri:
Amalabhorethri ahlukaniswe abe amalabhorethri ajwayelekile kanye ne-biosafety laboratories. Ukuhlola okwenziwa kumalabhorethri ahlanzekile ajwayelekile akutheleleki, kodwa indawo ezungezile iyadingeka ukuze ingabi nemiphumela emibi ekuhloleni ngokwako. Ngakho-ke, azikho izindawo zokuzivikela elabhorethri, futhi inhlanzeko kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlola.
Ilabhorethri ye-biosafety iwukuhlola kwebhayoloji enezindawo zokuvikela eziyinhloko ezingafinyelela ukuvikeleka kwesibili. Zonke izivivinyo zesayensi emikhakheni ye-microbiology, i-biomedicine, izivivinyo ezisebenzayo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo kudinga amalabhorethri e-biosafety. Umnyombo wamalabhorethri we-biosafety ukuphepha, ahlukaniswe ngamaleveli amane: i-P1, i-P2, i-P3, ne-P4 ngokwezinga lengozi yebhayoloji.
Amalabhorethri e-P1 afanele amagciwane ajwayeleke kakhulu, angavamisi ukubangela izifo kubantu abadala abanempilo futhi abeke ingozi encane kubasebenzi bokuhlola kanye nemvelo. Umnyango kufanele uvalwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa futhi ukusebenza kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwe-microbiological; Amalabhorethri e-P2 afanele amagciwane angaba yingozi ngokusesilinganisweni kubantu nasemvelweni. Ukufinyelela endaweni yokuhlola kukhawulelwe. Ukuhlola okungase kubangele ama-aerosol kufanele kwenziwe emakhabetheni e-biosafety Ekilasi II, futhi ama-autoclave kufanele atholakale; Amalabhorethri e-P3 asetshenziswa ezindaweni zomtholampilo, zokuxilonga, zokufundisa, noma zokukhiqiza. Umsebenzi ohlobene nama-endogenous and exogenous pathogens wenziwa kuleli zinga. Ukuchayeka kanye nokuhogela amagciwane kuzodala izifo eziyingozi neziyingozi kakhulu. Ilabhorethri ifakwe izicabha ezimbili noma izingidi zomoya kanye nendawo yokuhlola eqhelile yangaphandle. Amalungu angewona abasebenzi awavunyelwe ukungena. Ilabhorethri icindezelekile ngokuphelele. Amakhabethe e-biosafety e-Class II asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Izihlungi ze-Hepa zisetshenziselwa ukuhlunga umoya wasendlini futhi ziwukhiphele ngaphandle. Amalabhorethri e-P4 anezidingo eziqinile kunezindawo zokucwaninga ze-P3. Amanye amagciwane ayingozi angaphandle anengozi enkulu yomuntu ngamunye yokutheleleka elabhorethri kanye nezifo ezisongela ukuphila ezibangelwa ukudluliswa kwe-aerosol. Umsebenzi ofanele kufanele wenziwe kuma-laboratories e-P4. Isakhiwo sendawo ezimele yodwa esakhiweni kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwangaphandle kuyamukelwa. Ingcindezi engemihle igcinwa endlini. Amakhabethe e-biosafety e-Class III asetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Amadivayisi okuhlukanisa umoya namagumbi okugeza asethiwe. Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke izingubo zokuzivikela. Amalungu angewona abasebenzi awavunyelwe ukungena. Umnyombo womklamo wamalabhorethri we-biosafety ukuhlukaniswa okunamandla, futhi izinyathelo zokuqeda amandla yizona okugxilwe kuzo. Ukubulala amagciwane esizeni kuyagcizelelwa, futhi kuqashelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nangcolile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka ngengozi. Ukuhlanzeka okusesilinganisweni kuyadingeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-26-2024