Igumbi elihlanzekile liwuhlobo olukhethekile lokulawula imvelo olungalawula izici ezifana nenani lezinhlayiya, umswakama, izinga lokushisa kanye nogesi omile emoyeni ukuze kuzuzwe izindinganiso ezithile zokuhlanzeka. Igumbi elihlanzekile lisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezifana nama-semiconductors, electronics, pharmaceuticals, ezondiza, i-aerospace, kanye ne-biomedicine.
1. Ukwakheka kwekamelo elihlanzekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile ahlanganisa amagumbi ahlanzekile ezimbonini kanye namakamelo ahlanzekile ngezinto eziphilayo. Amakamelo ahlanzekile akhiwe izinhlelo zamakamelo ahlanzekile, izinhlelo zenqubo yamagumbi ahlanzekile, nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa zesibili.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka komoya
Izinga lezinga lokuhlukanisa umkhawulo wokuhlushwa omkhulu wezinhlayiyana ezinkulu noma ezilingana nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezicatshangwa ngeyunithi yomthamo womoya endaweni ehlanzekile. Ekhaya, amagumbi ahlanzekile ayahlolwa futhi amukelwe esimweni esingenalutho, esimile, nesishintshashintshayo, ngokuvumelana "Nezicaciso Zedizayini Yegumbi Elihlanzekile" kanye "Nezicaciso Zokwakhiwa Kwegumbi Elihlanzekile Nokwamukelwa".
Izindinganiso eziyinhloko zokuhlanzeka
Ukuzinza okuqhubekayo kokuhlanzeka nokulawula ukungcola kuyindinganiso eyinhloko yokuhlola ikhwalithi yegumbi elihlanzekile. Izinga lihlukaniswe ngamaleveli amaningana ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nemvelo yesifunda kanye nokuhlanzeka. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kanye namazinga emboni yesifunda yasekhaya. Amazinga emvelo wamakamelo ahlanzekile (izindawo) ahlukaniswe ikilasi 100, 1,000, 10,000, kanye ne-100,000.
2. Hlanza izinga lekamelo
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100
Indawo ecishe ingabi nothuli enenani elincane kakhulu lezinhlayiya emoyeni. Imishini yasendlini iyinkimbinkimbi futhi izisebenzi zigqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile zochwepheshe ukuze zisebenze.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.5µm ku-cubic foot yomoya akumele lidlule u-100, futhi inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.1µm akumele lidlule u-1000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.50m) kanti uthuli luyi-cubic meter (≥0.50m) kanti uthuli luyi-30mμs kufanele kube 0.
Ububanzi bohlelo lokusebenza: Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka eziphakeme kakhulu, njengamasekhethi amakhulu ahlanganisiwe, amadivaysi okukhanya anembayo kanye nezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Le mikhakha idinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ikhiqizwa endaweni engenazo izintuli ukuze kugwenywe umthelela wezinhlayiya kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-1,000
Uma kuqhathaniswa negumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100, inani lezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni liye landa, kodwa lisalokhu lisezingeni eliphansi. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sinengqondo futhi izinto zokusebenza zibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya egumbini elihlanzekile lekilasi elingu-1000 akufanele lidlule ku-1000, futhi inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.1µm akumele lidlule ku-10,000. Izinga legumbi elihlanzekile le-Class 10,000 liwukuthi inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.5μm) ngu-350,000, futhi inombolo enkulu yezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm ngu-2,000.
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya eziphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, njengenqubo yokukhiqiza amalensi okubona kanye nezinto ezincane ze-elekthronikhi. Nakuba izidingo zokuhlanzeka kule mikhakha zingekho phezulu njengalezo ezikumagumbi ahlanzekile ekilasini le-100, ukuhlanzeka komoya okuthile kusadinga ukugcinwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Ikilasi 10,000 amakamelo ahlanzekile
Inani lezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni liyakhula ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa lingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinqubo ezithile ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphakathi. Indawo yasendlini ihlanzekile futhi icocekile, inezindawo zokukhanyisa ezifanele kanye nezindawo zokungenisa umoya.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya akumele lidlule izinhlayiya ezingu-10,000, futhi inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akufanele lidlule izinhlayiya ezingu-100,000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.5μm) yi-3,500,000, futhi inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm ngu-60,000.
Ububanzi besicelo: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya okumaphakathi, njengezinqubo zokukhiqiza imithi nokudla. Lezi zinkambu zidinga ukugcina okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-microbial kanye nokuhlanzeka komoya okuthile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka, ukuphepha kanye nokuzinza komkhiqizo.
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100,000
Inani lezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni likhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, kodwa lisengalawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo. Kungase kube nezinto ezisizayo ekamelweni ukuze kugcinwe ukuhlanzeka komoya, njengezihlanzi zomoya, abaqoqi uthuli, njll.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obukhulu kuno-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya akumele lidlule izinhlayiya ezingu-100,000, futhi inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akufanele lidlule izinhlayiya ezingu-1,000,000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.5μm) yi-10,500,000, futhi inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm ngu-60,000.
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya eziphansi, njengezimonyo, izinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza ukudla, njll. Lezi zindawo zinezidingo eziphansi ngokuqhathaniswa zokuhlanzeka komoya, kodwa zisadinga ukugcina izinga elithile lokuhlanzeka ukuze kugwenywe umthelela wezinhlayiyana emikhiqizweni.
3. Usayizi wemakethe wobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile eChina
Njengamanje, kunezinkampani ezimbalwa embonini yaseShayina yamagumbi ahlanzekile ezithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi ezinamandla nesipiliyoni sokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu, futhi kunezinkampani ezincane eziningi. Izinkampani ezincane azinawo amandla okuqhuba ibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu ahlanzekile asezingeni eliphezulu. Imboni njengamanje iveza indawo enokuncintisana enezinga eliphezulu lokugxila emakethe yobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile kanye nemakethe yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile esezingeni eliphansi.
Amakamelo ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi izimboni ezahlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene zamamaki ekamelo ahlanzekile. Ukwakhiwa kwamakamelo ahlanzekile kudinga ukuhlanganiswa nemboni kanye nezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza zomnikazi. Ngakho-ke, kumaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile, izinkampani kuphela ezinobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili, amandla aqinile, ukusebenza okuphawulekayo komlando kanye nesithombe esihle zinekhono lokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukene.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemakethe, yonke imboni yamakamelo ahlanzekile ikhule kancane kancane, ubuchwepheshe bemboni yezobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile buye bazinza, futhi imakethe ingene esikhathini esivuthiwe. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezogesi, ukukhiqiza imithi kanye nezinye izimboni. Ngokudluliswa kwezimboni kwemboni yolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, isidingo samagumbi ahlanzekile emazweni athuthukile e-Europe nase-United States sizokwehla kancane kancane, futhi imakethe yabo yomkhakha wobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile izosuka ekuvuthweni iye kwehle.
Ngokujula kokudluliswa kwezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-elekthronikhi kuye kwasuka emazweni athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States kuya e-Asia nasemazweni asafufusa; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinga lomnotho lamazwe asafufusa, izidingo zempilo yezokwelapha kanye nokuphepha kokudla ziye zanda, futhi imakethe yomhlaba wonke yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile nayo iqhubekile nokuqhubekela phambili e-Asia. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-IC semiconductor, i-optoelectronics, kanye nezimboni ze-photovoltaic embonini ye-electronics zenze iqoqo elikhulu lezimboni e-Asia, ikakhulukazi e-China.
Iqhutshwa ama-electronics, imithi, ukwelashwa, ukudla nezinye izimboni, isabelo semakethe yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile emakethe yomhlaba wonke senyuke sisuka ku-19.2% ngo-2010 saya ku-29.3% ngo-2018. Njengamanje, imakethe yaseChina yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile ithuthuka ngokushesha. Ngo-2017, isikali semakethe yamakamelo ahlanzekile yaseShayina sidlule ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa; ngo-2019, isikali semakethe yamagumbi ahlanzekile yaseChina safinyelela ku-165.51 billion yuan. Izinga lemakethe yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile yezwe lami libonise ukukhula okulinganayo unyaka nonyaka, okuvunyelaniswa ngokuyisisekelo nomhlaba, futhi isabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke sibonise ukukhula okukhulayo unyaka nonyaka, okuhlobene futhi nokwenza ngcono okuphawulekayo kwamandla kazwelonke aphelele eShayina unyaka nonyaka.
"Uhlaka loHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-14 Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Kazwelonke Nezenhlalakahle YeRiphabhulikhi Yabantu Yabantu baseShayina kanye Nezinjongo Zesikhathi Eside Zonyaka ka-2035" lugxile ngokucacile ezimbonini ezisafufusa zamasu ezifana nobuchwepheshe bolwazi lwesizukulwane esisha, i-biotechnology, amandla amasha, izinto ezintsha, amathuluzi asezingeni eliphezulu, izimoto ezintsha zamandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza, i-aerospace kanye nemishini ebalulekile ye-aerospace njll. core technologies, futhi isheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezifana ne-biomedicine, ukuzalanisa kwe-biological, i-biomaterials, kanye ne-bioenergy. Ngokuzayo, ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni ezingenhla zobuchwepheshe kuzoqhubeza ukukhula ngokushesha kwemakethe yamakamelo ahlanzekile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isikali semakethe yamakamelo ahlanzekile yaseChina kulindeleke ukuthi sifinyelele ku-358.65 billion yuan ngonyaka ka-2026, futhi sizofinyelela izinga lokukhula eliphezulu lika-15.01% ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwenhlanganisela yonyaka kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2026.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-24-2025