Igumbi elihlanzekile uhlobo olukhethekile lokulawula imvelo olungalawula izici ezifana nenani lezinhlayiya, umswakama, izinga lokushisa kanye nogesi ongashintshi emoyeni ukuze kufezwe amazinga athile okuhlanzeka. Igumbi elihlanzekile lisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengeze-semiconductors, i-electronics, imithi, izindiza, izindiza kanye ne-biomedicine.
1. Ukwakheka kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile afaka amakamelo ahlanzekile ezimbonini kanye namakamelo ahlanzekile ezinto eziphilayo. Amakamelo ahlanzekile akhiwa izinhlelo zamakamelo ahlanzekile, izinhlelo zenqubo yamakamelo ahlanzekile, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa zesibili.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka komoya
Izinga elijwayelekile lokuhlukanisa umkhawulo wokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu noma ezilingana nosayizi wezinhlayiya ezicatshangelwa ngeyunithi ngayinye yomthamo womoya endaweni ehlanzekile. Ekhaya, amakamelo ahlanzekile ayahlolwa futhi ayamukelwa ezimweni ezingenalutho, ezimile, neziguquguqukayo, ngokuhambisana "Nezincazelo Zokuklama Ikamelo Elihlanzekile" kanye "Nezincazelo Zokwakhiwa Nokwamukelwa Kwegumbi Elihlanzekile".
Izindinganiso eziyinhloko zokuhlanzeka
Ukuzinza okuqhubekayo kokuhlanzeka nokulawula ukungcola kuyindinganiso eyinhloko yokuhlola ikhwalithi yegumbi elihlanzekile. Indinganiso ihlukaniswe ngamazinga amaningana ngokuya ngezici ezifana nemvelo yesifunda kanye nokuhlanzeka. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kanye nezindinganiso zezimboni zesifunda zasekhaya ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Amazinga emvelo amakamelo ahlanzekile (izindawo) ahlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyi-100, eziyi-1,000, eziyi-10,000, kanye neziyi-100,000.
2. Ileveli yegumbi elihlanzekile
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100
Indawo engenalo uthuli olunezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu emoyeni. Imishini yangaphakathi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi abasebenzi bagqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile zobungcweti ukuze basebenze.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.5µm nge-cubic foot yomoya akumele lidlule u-100, kanti inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akumele lidlule u-1000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter (≥0.5μm) lingu-3500, kanti izinhlayiya zothuli ezingaphansi kuka-5μm kudingeka zibe ngu-0.
Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa: Kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kakhulu, njengezisekelo ezihlanganisiwe ezinkulu, amadivayisi okukhanya anembe kakhulu kanye nezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Lezi zinsimu zidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ikhiqizwa endaweni engenalo uthuli ukuze kugwenywe umthelela wezinhlayiya ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo.
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi eliyi-1,000
Uma kuqhathaniswa negumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi 100, inani lezinhlayiya emoyeni liye landa, kodwa lisalokhu lisezingeni eliphansi. Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kuyafaneleka futhi imishini ibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya egumbini elihlanzekile lekilasi 1000 akumele lidlule u-1000, kanti inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akumele lidlule u-10,000. Izinga elijwayelekile legumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi 10,000 ukuthi inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe ngemitha ngayinye ye-cubic (≥0.5μm) lingu-350,000, kanti inani eliphakeme lezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm lingu-2,000.
Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokuhlanzeka komoya, njengenqubo yokukhiqiza amalensi okukhanya kanye nezingxenye ezincane ze-elekthronikhi. Nakuba izidingo zokuhlanzeka kulezi zindawo zingephezulu njengalezo ezisemakamelweni ahlanzekile ekilasini le-100, ukuhlanzeka komoya okuthile kusadinga ukugcinwa ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Amakamelo ahlanzekile ekilasi le-10,000
Inani lezinhlayiya emoyeni liyanda kakhulu, kodwa lisengahlangabezana nezidingo zezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphakathi. Indawo yangaphakathi ihlanzekile futhi icocekile, inezibani ezifanele kanye nezindawo zokungenisa umoya.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya akumele lidlule izinhlayiya eziyi-10,000, kanti inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akumele lidlule izinhlayiya eziyi-100,000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.5μm) lingu-3,500,000, kanti inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm lingu-60,000.
Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya okuphakathi, njengezinqubo zokukhiqiza imithi nokudla. Lezi zinsimu zidinga ukugcina okuqukethwe okuphansi kwamagciwane kanye nokuhlanzeka komoya okuthile ukuqinisekisa inhlanzeko, ukuphepha kanye nokuzinza komkhiqizo.
Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi elingu-100,000
Inani lezinhlayiya emoyeni likhulu kakhulu, kodwa lisengalawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo. Kungase kube nemishini ethile esekelayo ekamelweni yokugcina umoya uhlanzekile, njengezihlanzi zomoya, abaqoqi bothuli, njll.
Izinga lokuhlanzeka: Inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.5µm ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya akumele lidlule izinhlayiya eziyi-100,000, kanti inani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-0.1µm akumele lidlule izinhlayiya eziyi-1,000,000. Kuthiwa futhi inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezivunyelwe nge-cubic meter ngayinye (≥0.5μm) lingu-10,500,000, kanti inani eliphezulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ≥5μm lingu-60,000.
Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa: Kusebenza kwezinye izinqubo ezinezidingo eziphansi zokuhlanzeka komoya, njengezimonyo, izinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza ukudla, njll. Lezi zinsimu zinezidingo eziphansi zokuhlanzeka komoya, kodwa kusadingeka zigcine izinga elithile lokuhlanzeka ukuze kugwenywe umthelela wezinhlayiya emikhiqizweni.
3. Usayizi wemakethe wobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile eShayina
Njengamanje, kunezinkampani ezimbalwa embonini yamakamelo ahlanzekile eShayina ezithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi zinamandla nolwazi lokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu, futhi kunezinkampani eziningi ezincane. Izinkampani ezincane azinawo amandla okwenza ibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu amakamelo ahlanzekile aphezulu. Imboni okwamanje iveza indawo yokuncintisana enezinga eliphezulu lokugxila emakethe yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile aphezulu kanye nemakethe yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile aphansi esakazeke kakhulu.
Amakamelo ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi izimboni ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zamazinga ahlanzekile ekamelo. Ukwakhiwa kwamakamelo ahlanzekile kudinga ukuhlanganiswa nemboni kanye nezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza zomnikazi. Ngakho-ke, kumaphrojekthi obunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile, izinkampani kuphela ezinobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili, amandla aqinile, ukusebenza okumangalisayo komlando kanye nesithombe esihle ezinekhono lokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukene.
Kusukela ngawo-1990, ngentuthuko eqhubekayo yemakethe, yonke imboni yamakamelo ahlanzekile iye yakhula kancane kancane, ubuchwepheshe bemboni yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile buye basimama, futhi imakethe ifike esikhathini esivuthiwe. Intuthuko yemboni yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile incike ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni ye-elekthronikhi, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi kanye neminye imboni. Ngokudluliselwa kwemboni yolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi kwezimboni, isidingo samakamelo ahlanzekile emazweni athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States sizoncipha kancane kancane, futhi imakethe yabo yemboni yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile izoshintsha kusukela ekuvuthweni iye ekuncipheni.
Ngokujula kokudluliselwa kwezimboni, intuthuko yemboni ye-elekthronikhi iye yashintsha kakhulu isuka emazweni athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States yaya e-Asia namazwe asafufusa; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinga lezomnotho lamazwe asafufusa, izidingo zempilo yezokwelapha nokuphepha kokudla ziye zanda, futhi imakethe yobunjiniyela begumbi lokuhlanza emhlabeni wonke nayo iqhubekile nokuya e-Asia. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izimboni ze-IC semiconductor, optoelectronics, kanye ne-photovoltaic embonini ye-elekthronikhi zakhe iqembu elikhulu lezimboni e-Asia, ikakhulukazi eShayina.
Iqhutshwa yizinto zikagesi, imithi, ukwelashwa, ukudla kanye nezinye izimboni, isabelo semakethe yobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina emakethe yomhlaba wonke sikhuphuke sisuka ku-19.2% ngo-2010 saya ku-29.3% ngo-2018. Njengamanje, imakethe yobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina ithuthuka ngokushesha. Ngo-2017, isilinganiso semakethe yegumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina sadlula ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 okokuqala; ngo-2019, isilinganiso semakethe yegumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina safinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-165.51. Isilinganiso semakethe yobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile lasezweni lami sibonise ukwanda okuqondile unyaka nonyaka, okuhambisana nomhlaba, futhi isabelo semakethe somhlaba wonke sibonise ukuthambekela okwandayo unyaka nonyaka, okuhlobene nokuthuthuka okukhulu kwamandla kazwelonke aseShayina unyaka nonyaka.
"Uhlaka Lohlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwe-14 Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Nomphakathi Kazwelonke WeRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina kanye Nemigomo Yesikhathi Eside Ka-2035" lugxile ngokusobala ezimbonini ezisafufusa ezinjengobuchwepheshe bolwazi besizukulwane esisha, ubuchwepheshe be-biotechnology, amandla amasha, izinto ezintsha, imishini ephezulu, izimoto zamandla amasha, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo eluhlaza, izindiza, imishini yasolwandle, njll., lusheshisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obuyinhloko, futhi lusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezifana ne-biomedicine, ukuzalanisa kwezinto eziphilayo, izinto eziphilayo, kanye namandla e-bioenergy. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezingenhla kuzoqhubekisela phambili ukukhula okusheshayo kwemakethe yegumbi elihlanzekile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso semakethe yegumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina kulindeleke ukuthi sifinyelele kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-358.65 ngo-2026, futhi sizofinyelela izinga lokukhula eliphakeme elingu-15.01% ngesilinganiso sokukhula okuhlanganisiwe sonyaka kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2026.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-24-2025