Iyunithi yokunakekelwa okujulile (i-ICU) iyindawo ebalulekile yokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezempilo zeziguli ezigula kakhulu. Iningi leziguli ezamukelwe ngabantu abangenamandla okuzivikela futhi abasengozini yokutheleleka, futhi bangase bathwale ngisho namagciwane namagciwane ayingozi. Uma kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane antanta emoyeni futhi ukugcwala kuphezulu, ingozi yokutheleleka okuxubile iphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-ICU kufanele kufake ukubaluleka okukhulu kwikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi.
1. Izidingo zekhwalithi yomoya e-ICU
(1). Izidingo zekhwalithi yomoya
Umoya ose-ICU kufanele uhlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi ukugcwala kwezinhlayiya ezintantayo (njengothuli, ama-microorganisms, njll.) emoyeni kulawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nempilo yeziguli. Ngokwesigaba sosayizi wezinhlayiya, njengokuthi ngokwezinga le-ISO14644, izinga le-ISO 5 (izinhlayiya ezingu-0.5μm azidluli ku-35/m³) noma amazinga aphezulu angadingeka e-ICU.
(2). Imodi yokugeleza komoya
Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya e-ICU kufanele lusebenzise izindlela ezifanele zokugeleza komoya, njengokugeleza kwe-laminar, ukugeleza kwehle, ingcindezi enhle, njll., ukuze kulawulwe futhi kususwe ukungcola ngempumelelo.
(3). Ukulawulwa kokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe
I-ICU kufanele ibe nezindlela zokungenisa nokuthumela izinto ezifanele futhi ifakwe iminyango engangenisi moya noma izinhlelo zokulawula ukungena ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni noma kuphume.
(4). Izindlela zokubulala amagciwane
Ngemishini yezokwelapha, imibhede, phansi kanye nezinye izindawo, kufanele kube nezinyathelo zokubulala amagciwane ezihambisanayo kanye nezinhlelo zokubulala amagciwane ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwendawo ye-ICU.
(5). Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama
I-ICU kufanele ibe nokulawula okulungile kokushisa kanye nomswakama, ngokuvamile idinga izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwama-degree Celsius angama-20 nama-25 kanye nomswakama ophakathi kwama-30% nama-60%.
(6). Ukulawula umsindo
Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulawula umsindo e-ICU ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kanye nomthelela womsindo ezigulini.
2. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuklama igumbi elihlanzekile le-ICU
(1). Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo
I-ICU kufanele ihlukaniswe ngezindawo ezahlukene zokusebenza, njengendawo yokunakekelwa kwabagula kakhulu, indawo yokuhlinzwa, indlu yangasese, njll., ukuze kulawulwe futhi kusebenze ngendlela ehlelekile.
(2). Ukuhlelwa kwesikhala
Hlela ngokufanele ukwakheka kwendawo ukuqinisekisa indawo eyanele yokusebenza kanye nendawo yokudlulisela abasebenzi bezokwelapha ukuze benze imisebenzi yokwelapha, yokuqapha kanye neyokusiza abantu abaphuthumayo.
(3). Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya oluphoqelelwe
Kufanele kubekwe uhlelo lokungenisa umoya oluphoqelelwe ukuze kuhlinzekwe umoya omusha owanele futhi kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kokungcola.
(4). Ukucushwa kwemishini yezokwelapha
Imishini yezokwelapha edingekayo, njengeziqaphi, ama-ventilator, amaphampu okufaka umoya, njll., kufanele ihlelwe ngokwezidingo zangempela, futhi ukwakheka kwemishini kufanele kube okunengqondo, okulula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyinakekela.
(5). Ukukhanyisa nokuphepha
Nikeza ukukhanya okwanele, okuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwemvelo kanye nokukhanya okwenziwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bezokwelapha bangakwazi ukwenza ukuqapha nokwelapha okunembile, futhi baqinisekise izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengezikhungo zokuvimbela umlilo kanye nezinhlelo ze-alamu eziphuthumayo.
(6). Ukulawulwa kokutheleleka
Misa izikhungo ezifana nezindlu zangasese namagumbi okubulala amagciwane, futhi uchaze izinqubo zokusebenza ezifanele zokulawula ngempumelelo ingozi yokudluliselwa kwesifo.
3. Indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile ye-ICU
(1). Ukuqukethwe kokwakhiwa kwendawo yokusebenza okuhlanzekile
Abasebenzi bezokwelapha nabahlengikazi bahlanza indawo yehhovisi elisizayo, indawo yokushintsha abasebenzi bezokwelapha nabahlengikazi, indawo engaba nokungcola, igumbi lokuhlinza elinengcindezi enhle, igumbi lokuhlinza elinengcindezi embi, igumbi lokuhlinza elinengcindezi encane, njll.
(2). Ukuhlelwa kwegumbi lokuhlinza elihlanzekile
Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa indlela yokwakheka kokulungiswa komzila wokungcola oneziteshi eziningi onjengomunwe. Izindawo ezihlanzekile nezingcolile zegumbi lokuhlinza zihlukaniswe ngokusobala, futhi abantu nezinto bangena endaweni yegumbi lokuhlinza ngemigqa ehlukene yokugeleza. Indawo yegumbi lokuhlinza kumele ihlelwe ngokuhambisana nomgomo wezindawo ezintathu neziteshi ezimbili zezibhedlela zezifo ezithelelanayo. Abasebenzi bangahlukaniswa ngokwendlela ehlanzekile yangaphakathi (isiteshi esihlanzekile) kanye nendlela engcolile yangaphandle (isiteshi esihlanzekile). Indlela ehlanzekile yangaphakathi iyindawo engcolisiwe kancane, kanti indlela engcolile yangaphandle iyindawo engcolisiwe.
(3). Ukubulala amagciwane endaweni yokusebenza
Iziguli ezingaphefumuli zingangena ephasishi elingaphakathi elihlanzekile ngegumbi elivamile lokushintsha umbhede bese ziya endaweni yokusebenza enengcindezi enhle. Iziguli eziphefumula kudingeka zidlule ephasishi elingaphandle elingcolile ziye endaweni yokusebenza enengcindezi embi. Iziguli ezikhethekile ezinezifo ezithathelwanayo ezinzima ziya endaweni yokusebenza enengcindezi embi ngesiteshi esikhethekile bese zenza ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane endleleni.
4. Izindinganiso zokuhlanzwa kwe-ICU
(1). Izinga lokuhlanzeka
Amakamelo okuhlanza amanzi ageleza e-ICU ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlangabezana nesigaba sokuhlanzeka esingu-100 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akufanele kube nezingcezu ezingaphezu kwe-100 zezinhlayiya ze-micron ezingu-0.5 nge-cubic foot yomoya.
(2). Ukunikezwa komoya ocindezelekile
Amakamelo ahlanzekile okugeleza kwe-ICU laminar avame ukugcina ingcindezi enhle ukuvimbela ukungcola kwangaphandle ukuthi kungangeni egumbini. Ukunikezwa komoya ocindezelekile kungaqinisekisa ukuthi umoya ohlanzekile ugeleza ngaphandle futhi kuvimbele umoya wangaphandle ukuthi ungangeni.
(3). Izihlungi ze-Hepa
Uhlelo lokuphatha umoya lwewadi kufanele lufakwe izihlungi ze-hepa ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya ezincane kanye nama-microorganisms. Lokhu kusiza ekuhlinzekeni ngomoya ohlanzekile.
(4). Umoya ohlanzekile kanye nokugeleza komoya okufanele
Iwadi le-ICU kufanele libe nohlelo lokungenisa umoya olufanele ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza komoya kanye nokukhipha umoya ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza komoya ohlanzekile.
(5). Ukuhlukaniswa kwengcindezi engemihle okufanele
Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile, njengokwelapha iziguli ezinezifo ezithelelanayo, iwadi ye-ICU ingadinga ukuba namakhono okuhlukanisa ingcindezi engemihle ukuze igweme ukusabalala kwamagciwane endaweni engaphandle.
(6). Izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ukutheleleka
Iwadi le-ICU lidinga ukulandela ngokuqinile izinqubomgomo nezinqubo zokulawula ukutheleleka, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwemishini yokuzivikela, ukuhlanza njalo imishini kanye nezindawo, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwezandla.
(7). Imishini nezindawo ezifanele
Iwadi le-ICU lidinga ukuhlinzeka ngemishini nezindawo ezifanele, okuhlanganisa nezinsimbi ezahlukene zokuqapha, ukuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo, iziteshi zokunakekela abahlengikazi, imishini yokubulala amagciwane, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuqapha nokunakekelwa kweziguli okuseqophelweni eliphezulu.
(8). Ukugcinwa nokuhlanza njalo
Imishini kanye nezindawo zewadi ye-ICU kudingeka zigcinwe zihlanzekile njalo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okujwayelekile kanye nokuhlanzeka.
(9). Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemfundo
Abasebenzi bezokwelapha ewadini badinga ukuthola ukuqeqeshwa nemfundo efanele ukuze baqonde izindlela zokulawula ukutheleleka kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ephephile nehlanzekile.
5. Izindinganiso zokwakha ze-ICU
(1). Indawo yezwe
I-ICU kufanele ibe nendawo ekhethekile futhi ibekwe endaweni elula yokudluliselwa kwesiguli, ukuhlolwa kanye nokwelashwa, futhi icabangele izici ezilandelayo: ukusondelana namawadi amakhulu enkonzo, amakamelo okuhlinza, iminyango yezithombe, amalabhorethri kanye namabhange egazi, njll. Uma "ukusondela" okuvundlile kungenakufinyelelwa ngokomzimba, "ukusondela" okuvundlile phezulu naphansi kufanele kucatshangelwe.
(2). Ukuhlanzwa komoya
I-ICU kufanele ibe nezimo ezinhle zokungenisa umoya kanye nokukhanya. Kungcono ukuthi ifakwe uhlelo lokuhlanza umoya olunesiqondiso sokugeleza komoya kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, olungalawula ngokuzimela izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ekamelweni. Izinga lokuhlanza ngokuvamile liyi-100,000. Uhlelo lokupholisa umoya lwegumbi ngalinye kufanele lulawulwe ngokuzimela. Kufanele ifakwe izindawo zokugeza izandla zokungenisa umoya kanye namadivayisi okubulala amagciwane ezandla.
(3). Izidingo zomklamo
Izidingo zomklamo we-ICU kufanele zihlinzeke ngezimo zokubheka ezilula kubasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye neziteshi zokuxhumana neziguli ngokushesha okukhulu uma kudingeka. I-ICU kufanele ibe nokuhamba kwezokwelapha okufanelekile okuhlanganisa ukuhamba kwabasebenzi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, okungcono ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ezahlukene zokungena nezokuphuma ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene kanye nokutheleleka okuthelelanayo.
(4). Ukuhlobisa isakhiwo
Ukuhlobisa isakhiwo sama-ICU ward kumele kulandele izimiso ezijwayelekile zokungakhiqizi uthuli, ukungaqongeleli uthuli, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nomswakama kanye nesikhunta, ukumelana nokungaguquguquki, ukuhlanza okulula kanye nezidingo zokuvikela umlilo.
(5). Uhlelo lokuxhumana
I-ICU kufanele isungule uhlelo oluphelele lokuxhumana, uhlelo lokuphathwa kolwazi lwenethiwekhi kanye nolwezokwelapha, uhlelo lokusakaza, kanye nohlelo lwe-call intercom.
(6). Ukuhlelwa okuphelele
Ukuhlelwa okuphelele kwe-ICU kufanele kwenze indawo yezokwelapha lapho kubekwa khona imibhede, indawo yamakamelo okusiza ezokwelapha, indawo yokwelapha indle kanye nendawo yamagumbi okusiza asebenzayo abasebenzi bezokwelapha kube okuzimele ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka okuhlangene futhi kube lula ukulawula ukutheleleka.
(7). Indawo yewadi
Ibanga phakathi kwemibhede evulekile e-ICU alingaphansi kuka-2.8M; i-ICU ngayinye ifakwe okungenani iwadi elilodwa elinendawo engaphansi kuka-18M2. Ukusungulwa kwamagumbi okuhlukaniswa kwengcindezi enhle kanye nengcindezi engemihle ku-ICU ngayinye kunganqunywa ngokuya ngomthombo okhethekile wesiguli kanye nezidingo zomnyango wokuphatha impilo. Ngokuvamile, amagumbi okuhlukaniswa kwengcindezi engemihle angu-1-2 afakwe. Ngaphansi kwesimo sezinsizakusebenza zabantu kanye nemali eyanele, kufanele kwakhiwe amakamelo amaningi noma amawadi ahlukanisiwe.
(8). Amakamelo ayisisekelo asekelayo
Amakamelo ayisisekelo okusiza e-ICU afaka phakathi ihhovisi likadokotela, ihhovisi lomqondisi, i-lounge yabasebenzi, indawo yokusebenza ephakathi, igumbi lokwelapha, igumbi lokukhipha imithi, igumbi lezinsimbi, igumbi lokugqoka, igumbi lokuhlanza, igumbi lokwelapha imfucuza, igumbi lomsebenzi, igumbi lokugeza, njll. Ama-ICU anezimo ezingezinhle angafakelwa amanye amakamelo okusiza, kufaka phakathi amakamelo okubonisa, amakamelo okwamukela imindeni, amalabhorethri, amakamelo okulungiselela ukudla okunempilo, njll.
(9). Ukulawula umsindo
Ngaphezu kwesignali yokushaya ucingo yesiguli kanye nomsindo we-alamu wethuluzi lokuqapha, umsindo e-ICU kufanele wehliswe ube sezingeni eliphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Iphansi, udonga kanye nophahla kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto zokuhlobisa izakhiwo zokuvikela umsindo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-20-2025