Iyunithi yokunakekela kakhulu (ICU) iyindawo ebalulekile yokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezigulini ezigula kakhulu. Iningi leziguli elamukelwe ngabantu abanokuzivikela okuphansi futhi abangenwa kalula yizifo, futhi bangase baphathe ngisho namagciwane ayingozi namagciwane. Uma kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane ezintanta emoyeni futhi ukugxila kuphezulu, ingozi yokutheleleka ngegciwane iphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-ICU kufanele kunamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu kwikhwalithi yomoya yangaphakathi.
1. Izidingo zekhwalithi yomoya ye-ICU
(1). Izidingo zekhwalithi yomoya
Umoya ose-ICU kufanele uhlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi ukugxila kwezinhlayiya ezintantayo (njengothuli, ama-microorganisms, njll.) emoyeni kulawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nempilo yeziguli. Ngokuya ngesigaba sosayizi wezinhlayiyana, njengokuhambisana nezinga le-ISO14644, izinga le-ISO 5 (izinhlayiya ezingu-0.5μm azidluli ku-35/m³) noma amazinga aphezulu angadingeka ku-ICU.
(2). Imodi yokugeleza komoya
Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya ku-ICU kufanele lusebenzise izindlela ezifanele zokugeleza komoya, njengokugeleza kwe-laminar, ukugeleza okuya phansi, ukucindezela okuhle, njll., ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo futhi kususwe ukungcola.
(3). Ukulawula ukungenisa nokuthekelisa
I-ICU kufanele ibe nemigudu efanele yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle futhi ifakwe izicabha ezingangeni moya noma amasistimu okulawula ukungena ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni noma kuphume.
(4). Izinyathelo zokubulala amagciwane
Okokusebenza kwezokwelapha, imibhede, iphansi nezinye izindawo, kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezihambisanayo zokubulala amagciwane kanye nezinhlelo zokubulala amagciwane ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yase-ICU.
(5). Ukulawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama
I-ICU kufanele ibe nokulawulwa okufanele kwezinga lokushisa nomswakama, ngokuvamile okudinga izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-20 no-25 degrees Celsius kanye nomswakama ohlobene phakathi kuka-30% no-60%.
(6). Ukulawula umsindo
Izinyathelo zokulawula umsindo kufanele zithathwe e-ICU ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka nomthelela womsindo ezigulini.
2. Amaphuzu abalulekile e-ICU yokuklama igumbi elihlanzekile
(1). Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo
I-ICU kufanele ihlukaniswe ngezindawo ezihlukene zokusebenza, njengendawo yokunakekela kakhulu, indawo yokusebenza, indlu yangasese, njll., ukuze kuphathwe ngokuhlelekile nokusebenza.
(2). Isakhiwo sesikhala
Hlela ngokunengqondo ukuma kwesikhala ukuze uqinisekise indawo yokusebenza eyanele kanye nesikhala sesiteshi ukuze abasebenzi bezokwelapha benze imisebenzi yokwelapha, yokuqapha kanye nokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo.
(3). Isistimu yokungenisa umoya ephoqelelwe
Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya oluphoqelelwe kufanele lumiswe ukuze lunikeze ukugeleza komoya omusha okwanele futhi kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezingcolisayo.
(4). Ukucushwa kwemishini yezokwelapha
Imishini yezokwelapha edingekayo, njengamamonitha, ama-ventilator, amaphampu afakwayo, njll., kufanele imiswe ngokwezidingo zangempela, futhi ukwakheka kwemishini kufanele kube okunengqondo, kulula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyinakekela.
(5). Ukukhanyisa nokuphepha
Nikeza ukukhanya okwanele, okuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwemvelo nokukhanyisa okwenziwayo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izisebenzi zezokwelapha zingakwazi ukubheka nokwelapha okunembile, futhi ziqinisekise izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengezindawo zokuvimbela umlilo kanye nezinhlelo ze-alamu eziphuthumayo.
(6). Ukulawula ukutheleleka
Misa izinsiza ezifana nezindlu zangasese kanye namakamelo okubulala amagciwane, futhi usho izinqubo ezifanele zokusebenza ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo ubungozi bokudluliselwa kwezifo.
3. Indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile ye-ICU
(1). Hlanza okuqukethwe kokwakhiwa kwendawo yokusebenza
Abasebenzi bezokwelapha nabahlengikazi bahlanza indawo yehhovisi elisizayo, indawo yokushintsha abasebenzi bezokwelapha nabahlengikazi, indawo engase ibe nokungcola, igumbi lokuhlinza elinomfutho omuhle, igumbi lokuhlinzela ingcindezi engemihle, igumbi lokusiza lendawo yokusebenza, njll.
(2). Hlanza isakhiwo segumbi lokusebenza
Ngokuvamile, kwamukelwa imodi yesakhiwo sokutholwa kwephaseji yokungcoliswa kwemigudu eminingi enomumo womunwe. Izindawo ezihlanzekile nezingcolile zegumbi lokuhlinza zihlukaniswe ngokucacile, futhi abantu kanye nezinto bangena endaweni yegumbi lokuhlinza ngemigqa ehlukene yokugeleza. Indawo yegumbi lokuhlinzela kufanele ihlelwe ngokuhambisana nesimiso sezindawo ezintathu nemigudu emibili yezibhedlela zezifo ezithathelwanayo. Abasebenzi bangahlukaniswa ngokusho kwephaseji elihlanzekile langaphakathi (ishaneli ehlanzekile) kanye nephaseji elingaphandle elingcolile (isiteshi esihlanzekile). Umhubhe wangaphakathi ohlanzekile uyindawo engcoliswe kancane, kanti umhubhe wangaphandle ongcolile uyindawo engcolile.
(3). Ukwenziwa inzalo endaweni yokusebenza
Iziguli ezingaphefumuli zingangena emhubheni ohlanzekile wangaphakathi ngegumbi elivamile lokushintshela umbhede futhi ziye endaweni yokusebenza enengcindezi eqondile. Iziguli eziphefumulayo kudingeka zidlule ephaseji elingaphandle elingcolile ziye endaweni yokusebenza yokucindezela okungekuhle. Iziguli ezikhethekile ezinezifo ezithathelwanayo ezinzima ziya endaweni yokusebenza yokucindezela okungalungile ngokusebenzisa isiteshi esikhethekile futhi zenze ukukhishwa kwe-disinfection kanye nenzalo endleleni.
4. Izindinganiso zokuhlanzwa kwe-ICU
(1). Izinga lokuhlanzeka
Amagumbi ahlanzekile e-ICU laminar ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlangabezana nekilasi lenhlanzeko le-100 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akumele kube nezingcezu ezingaphezu kwe-100 zezinhlayiya ezincane ze-0.5 ku-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya.
(2). I-Positive pressure air supply
Amakamelo ahlanzekile e-ICU laminar ngokuvamile agcina ingcindezi enhle yokuvimbela ukungcola kwangaphandle ekungeneni ekamelweni. I-Positive pressure air supply ingaqinisekisa ukuthi umoya ohlanzekile ugeleza uye ngaphandle futhi uvimbele umoya wangaphandle ukuthi ungangeni.
(3). Izihlungi ze-Hepa
Isistimu yokuphatha umoya yesigceme kufanele ifakwe izihlungi ze-hepa ukuze zisuse izinhlayiya ezincane nama-microorganisms. Lokhu kusiza ukunikeza umoya ohlanzekile.
(4). Ukungena komoya ngendlela efanele kanye nokujikeleza komoya
Isigceme se-ICU kufanele sibe nesistimu yokungenisa umoya efanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokukhipha umoya ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza komoya ohlanzekile.
(5). Ukuhlukaniswa okufanele kwengcindezi engalungile
Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile, njengokwelapha iziguli ezinezifo ezithathelwanayo, isigceme sase-ICU singadinga ukuthi sibe nekhono elibi lokuzihlukanisa nokucindezela ukugwema ukusabalala kwamagciwane endaweni yangaphandle.
(6). Izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ukutheleleka
Isigceme se-ICU sidinga ukuthobela ngokuqinile izinqubomgomo nezinqubo zokulawula ukutheleleka, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinto zokuzivikela, ukubulawa kwamagciwane okujwayelekile kwemishini nendawo, kanye nenhlanzeko yezandla.
(7). Imishini nezinsiza ezifanele
Isigceme sase-ICU sidinga ukuhlinzeka ngemishini nezinsiza ezifanele, okuhlanganisa amathuluzi okuqapha ahlukahlukene, ukuhlinzekwa komoyampilo, iziteshi zabahlengikazi, izinto zokubulala amagciwane, njll., ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqapha nokunakekelwa kwezinga eliphezulu kweziguli.
(8). Ukugcinwa nokuhlanza njalo
Izimpahla nezinsiza zesigceme sase-ICU zidinga ukunakekelwa njalo nokuhlanzwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo okujwayelekile kanye nokuhlanzeka.
(9). Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemfundo
Izisebenzi zezokwelapha esigcemeni zidinga ukuqeqeshwa nemfundo efanele ukuze ziqonde izinyathelo zokulawula ukutheleleka kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo yokusebenza ephephile nehlanzekile.
5. Amazinga wokwakha we-ICU
(1). Indawo yendawo
I-ICU kufanele ibe nendawo ekhethekile yendawo futhi ibekwe endaweni ekulungele ukudluliswa kwesiguli, ukuhlolwa nokwelashwa, futhi icabangele izici ezilandelayo: ukusondelana nezigceme zesevisi eziyinhloko, amakamelo okuhlinza, iminyango yezithombe, ama-laboratories namabhange egazi, njll. Lapho "ukusondela" okuvundlile akukwazi ukuzuzwa ngokomzimba, "ukusondela" okuqondile kufanele kucatshangelwe futhi phezulu kuya phezulu.
(2). Ukuhlanzwa komoya
I-ICU kufanele ibe nezimo ezinhle zokungenisa umoya kanye nezibani. Kungcono ukuhlonyiswa ngesistimu yokuhlanza umoya ngesiqondiso sokugeleza komoya kusuka phezulu kuya phansi, okungalawula ngokuzimela izinga lokushisa nomswakama ekamelweni. Izinga lokuhlanza ngokuvamile liyi-100,000. I-air conditioning system yekamelo ngalinye kufanele ilawulwe ngokuzimela. Kufanele ifakwe izinsiza zokugeza izandla zokungeniswa kanye nemishini yokubulala amagciwane ngezandla.
(3). Izidingo zokuklama
Izidingo zokuklama ze-ICU kufanele zinikeze izimo zokubheka ezilula kubasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye nemigudu yokuxhumana neziguli ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka lapho kudingeka. I-ICU kufanele ibe nokugeleza kwezokwelapha okunengqondo okuhlanganisa ukugeleza kwabasebenzi kanye nempahla, okungcono kakhulu ngokusebenzisa imigudu ehlukene yokungena neyokuphuma ukuze kuncishiswe iziphazamiso ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuthelelana ngezifo.
(4). Umhlobiso wesakhiwo
Umhlobiso wokwakha wamawodi e-ICU kufanele ulandele izimiso ezijwayelekile zokungakhiqizi uthuli, kungabikho ukunqwabelana kothuli, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nomswakama nokukhunta, i-anti-static, ukuhlanza kalula kanye nezidingo zokuvikela umlilo.
(5). Uhlelo lokuxhumana
I-ICU kufanele isungule uhlelo oluphelele lwezokuxhumana, inethiwekhi kanye nohlelo lokuphathwa kolwazi lomtholampilo, uhlelo lokusakaza, nohlelo lwe-call intercom.
(6) . Isakhiwo sisonke
Ukwakheka okuphelele kwe-ICU kufanele kwenze indawo yezokwelapha lapho imibhede ibekwe khona, indawo yamakamelo asizayo ezokwelapha, indawo yokuhlanza indle kanye nendawo yabasebenzi bezokwelapha abahlala amagumbi asizayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukugxambukela kanye nokwenza lula ukulawula ukutheleleka.
(7) . Isilungiselelo sesigceme
Ibanga phakathi kwemibhede evulekile ku-ICU alikho ngaphansi kuka-2.8M; I-ICU ngayinye ifakwe okungenani isigceme esisodwa esinendawo engekho ngaphansi kuka-18M2. Ukusungulwa kwamawodi okuhlukanisa ingcindezi enhle kanye nengcindezi engemihle ku-ICU ngayinye kunganqunywa ngokuya ngomthombo okhethekile wesiguli kanye nezidingo zomnyango wokuphatha wezempilo. Ngokuvamile, amawodi okuhlukanisa ingcindezi engalungile angu-1 ~ 2 ahlonyisiwe. Ngaphansi kwesimo sezinsiza zabantu ezanele kanye nezimali, amakamelo angashadile amaningi noma amawadi ahlukene kufanele aklanywe.
(8) . Amakamelo asizayo ayisisekelo
Amakamelo asizayo ayisisekelo e-ICU ahlanganisa ihhovisi likadokotela, ihhovisi lomqondisi, indawo yokuphumula yabasebenzi, indawo yokusebenzela emaphakathi, igumbi lokwelapha, igumbi lokuthela izidakamizwa, igumbi lezinsimbi, igumbi lokugqoka, igumbi lokuhlanza, igumbi lokuhlanza udoti, igumbi lomsebenzi, igumbi lokugeza, njll. Ama-ICU anemibandela angahlonyiswa ngamanye amagumbi asizayo, okuhlanganisa amagumbi okubonisa, amagumbi okwamukela ukudla, njll.
(9) . Ukulawula umsindo
Ngaphezu kwesignali yekholi yesiguli kanye nomsindo we-alamu wensimbi yokuqapha, umsindo ku-ICU kufanele uncishiswe ube sezingeni eliphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Iphansi, udonga kanye nophahla kufanele kusebenzise izinto zokuhlobisa zokwakha zomsindo omuhle kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-20-2025