Kunemithombo emibili eyinhloko yokungcola egumbini lokuhlanza: izinhlayiya kanye nama-microorganism, okungabangelwa izici zabantu kanye nezemvelo, noma imisebenzi ehlobene nale nqubo. Naphezu kwemizamo emihle kakhulu, ukungcola kusazongena egumbini lokuhlanza. Izinto ezithile ezivamile ezithwala ukungcola zifaka phakathi imizimba yabantu (amaseli, izinwele), izici zemvelo ezifana nothuli, intuthu, inkungu noma imishini (imishini yelabhorethri, imishini yokuhlanza), kanye namasu okusula angafanele kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza.
Abantu abavame kakhulu ukungcola ngabantu. Ngisho noma kunezingubo eziqinile kakhulu kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza eziqinile kakhulu, abaqhubi abangaqeqeshwe kahle bayingozi enkulu yokungcola egumbini lokuhlanza. Abasebenzi abangalandeli iziqondiso zegumbi lokuhlanza bayingozi enkulu. Uma nje isisebenzi esisodwa senza iphutha noma sikhohlwa isinyathelo, kuzoholela ekungcoleni kwegumbi lokuhlanza lonke. Inkampani ingaqinisekisa kuphela ukuhlanzeka kwegumbi lokuhlanza ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuvuselela ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwezinga lokungcola.
Eminye imithombo emikhulu yokungcola amathuluzi nemishini. Uma inqola noma umshini usula kancane ngaphambi kokungena egumbini lokuhlanza, kungaletha ama-microorganism. Ngokuvamile, abasebenzi abazi ukuthi imishini enamasondo iyagingqika ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe njengoba icindezelwa egumbini lokuhlanza. Izindawo (kufaka phakathi phansi, izindonga, imishini, njll.) zihlolwa njalo ukuze kutholakale inani elifanele kusetshenziswa amapuleti okuxhumana aklanywe ngokukhethekile aqukethe imithombo yokukhula njenge-Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) kanye ne-Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). I-TSA iyindawo yokukhula eyenzelwe amabhaktheriya, kanti i-SDA iyindawo yokukhula eyenzelwe ama-mold kanye ne-yeast. I-TSA kanye ne-SDA zivame ukufakwa emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, lapho i-TSA ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-30-35˚C, okuyizinga lokushisa elifanele kakhulu lamabhaktheriya amaningi. Ububanzi buka-20-25˚C bufanele kakhulu izinhlobo eziningi ze-mold kanye ne-yeast.
Ukuhamba komoya kwakukade kuyimbangela evamile yokungcola, kodwa izinhlelo ze-HVAC zanamuhla zegumbi lokuhlanza zisuse cishe ukungcola komoya. Umoya egumbini lokuhlanza ulawulwa futhi uqashwe njalo (isb. nsuku zonke, masonto onke, njalo ngekota) ukuze kutholakale inani lezinhlayiya, inani elisebenzayo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nomswakama. Izihlungi ze-HEPA zisetshenziselwa ukulawula inani lezinhlayiya emoyeni futhi zinekhono lokuhlunga izinhlayiya ziye ku-0.2µm. Lezi zihlungi zivame ukugcinwa zisebenza njalo ngesivinini sokugeleza esilinganiselwe ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi yomoya ekamelweni. Umswakama uvame ukugcinwa ezingeni eliphansi ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamagciwane anjengebhaktheriya kanye nesikhunta athanda izindawo ezinomswakama.
Eqinisweni, umthombo ophakeme kakhulu futhi ovame kakhulu wokungcola egumbini lokuhlanza ngumsebenzisi.
Imithombo kanye nezindlela zokungena kokungcola akuhlukani kakhulu kusuka embonini kuya embonini, kodwa kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezimboni ngokwezinga lokungcola okubekezelelekayo kanye nezinga lokungabekezeleleki. Isibonelo, abakhiqizi bamaphilisi angadliwa akudingeki bagcine izinga lokuhlanzeka elifanayo nabakhiqizi bezinto ezifakwayo ezifakwa ngqo emzimbeni womuntu.
Abakhiqizi bemithi banokubekezelela okuphansi kokungcoliswa kwamagciwane kunabakhiqizi be-elekthronikhi abangochwepheshe abaphezulu. Abakhiqizi be-semiconductors abakhiqiza imikhiqizo emincane abakwazi ukwamukela noma yikuphi ukungcoliswa kwezinhlayiya ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinkampani zikhathazeka kuphela ngokungakwazi ukuzala komkhiqizo ozofakwa emzimbeni womuntu kanye nokusebenza kwe-chip noma ifoni ephathekayo. Azikhathazeki kangako ngesikhunta, isikhunta noma ezinye izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamagciwane egumbini lokuhlanza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkampani zemithi zikhathazekile ngayo yonke imithombo ephilayo nefile yokungcoliswa.
Imboni yezemithi ilawulwa yi-FDA futhi kumele ilandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo ye-Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) ngoba imiphumela yokungcola embonini yezemithi iyingozi kakhulu. Abakhiqizi bemithi abagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yabo ayinawo amagciwane, kodwa futhi kudingeka babe nemibhalo kanye nokulandelwa kwayo yonke into. Inkampani yemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ingathumela i-laptop noma i-TV inqobo nje uma idlula ukuhlolwa kwayo kwangaphakathi. Kodwa akulula kangako embonini yezemithi, yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi inkampani ibe, isebenzise futhi ibhale phansi izinqubo zokusebenza kwegumbi lokuhlanza. Ngenxa yezindleko, izinkampani eziningi ziqasha izinsizakalo zokuhlanza zobungcweti zangaphandle ukuze zenze izinsizakalo zokuhlanza.
Uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlola imvelo olusegumbini lokuhlanza kufanele lufake izinhlayiya ezibonakala emoyeni nezingabonakali. Nakuba kungekho mfuneko yokuthi zonke izinto ezingcolisayo kulezi zindawo ezilawulwayo zibonwe yizinto ezincane. Uhlelo lokulawula imvelo kufanele lufake izinga elifanele lokuhlonza amagciwane okukhishwa kwesampula. Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlonza amagciwane ezitholakalayo njengamanje.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlonza amagciwane, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza, indlela ye-Gram stain, njengoba inganikeza izinkomba zokuchaza umthombo wokungcola kwamagciwane. Uma ukuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane nokuhlonza kubonisa i-Gram-positive cocci, ukungcola kungenzeka ukuthi kuvela kubantu. Uma ukuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane nokuhlonza kubonisa izinduku ze-Gram-positive, ukungcola kungenzeka ukuthi kuvela othulini noma ezinhlotsheni ezingangenisi magciwane. Uma ukuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane nokuhlonza kubonisa izinduku ze-Gram-negative, umthombo wokungcola kungenzeka ukuthi uvela emanzini noma kunoma iyiphi indawo emanzi.
Ukuhlonza ama-microbial egumbini lokuhlanza imithi kuyadingeka kakhulu ngoba kuhlobene nezici eziningi zokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, njengokuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni zokukhiqiza; ukuhlolwa kokuhlonza ama-bacterial emikhiqizweni yokugcina; izinto eziphilayo ezingabizwa ngamagama emikhiqizweni engcolile nasemanzini; ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yobuchwepheshe bokugcina ukubilisa embonini ye-biotechnology; kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kwama-microbial ngesikhathi sokuqinisekiswa. Indlela ye-FDA yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-bacteria angasinda endaweni ethile izoba yinto evamile kakhulu. Lapho amazinga okungcoliswa kwama-microbial edlula izinga elibekiwe noma imiphumela yokuhlola yokungangcolisi ikhombisa ukungcoliswa, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-agent okuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane nokuqeda ukuhlonza imithombo yokungcolisa.
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuqapha izindawo zemvelo zamakamelo ahlanzekile:
1. Amapuleti okuxhumana
Lezi zitsha ezikhethekile zokukhulisa ziqukethe indawo yokukhula engenamagciwane, elungiselelwe ukuba iphakame kunomphetho wesitsha. Isembozo sepuleti lokuxhumana simboza indawo okufanele ithathwe isampula, futhi noma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezibonakalayo ebusweni zizonamathela ebusweni be-agar bese zifukamela. Le ndlela ingabonisa inani lezinto eziphilayo ezibonakalayo ebusweni.
2. Indlela Yokusula
Lokhu akunamagciwane futhi kugcinwa kuketshezi olufanele olungenamagciwane. I-swab ifakwa endaweni yokuhlola futhi i-microorganism itholakala ngokubuyisa i-swab endaweni yokuxhumana. Ama-swab avame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingalingani noma ezindaweni okunzima ukuzithatha nge-contact plate. Ukuthatha i-swab sampling kuyindlela yokuhlola esezingeni eliphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-21-2024