Imithombo yezinhlayiya ihlukaniswe ngezinhlayiya ezingaphili, izinhlayiya eziphilayo, kanye nezinhlayiya eziphilayo. Emzimbeni womuntu, kulula ukubangela izifo zokuphefumula kanye namaphaphu, futhi kungabangela nokungezwani komzimba kanye nokutheleleka ngamagciwane; kuma-silicon chips, ukunamathela kwezinhlayiya zothuli kuzobangela ukuguquka noma ukujikeleza okufushane kwama-circuit circuit ahlanganisiwe, okwenza ama-chip alahlekelwe imisebenzi yawo yokusebenza, ngakho-ke ukulawulwa kwemithombo yokungcola okuncane sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile.
Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa kwezemvelo okuhlanzekile ekamelweni kusekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimo zemvelo enqubweni yokukhiqiza zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile zokuhlanzeka, okubalulekile ezimbonini eziningi. Okulandelayo ukubaluleka kanye nendima ethile yokulawulwa kwezemvelo okuhlanzekile ekamelweni:
1. Qinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo
1.1 Vimbela ukungcola: Ezimbonini ezifana ne-semiconductors, imithi, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha, ukungcola okuncane kwezinhlayiya kungabangela ukukhubazeka noma ukwehluleka komkhiqizo. Ngokulawula ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nokugcwala kwezinhlayiya egumbini elihlanzekile, lokhu kungcola kungavinjelwa ngempumelelo ekuthinteni umkhiqizo.
Ngaphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwemishini yehadiwe, ukugcinwa nokulawulwa kokuhlanzeka kwegumbi kudinga nohlelo oluhle "lokuphatha isofthiwe" ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhlanzeka okuhle. Kusukela emiphumeleni yedatha esithombeni esingenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi abaqhubi banethonya elikhulu ekuhlanzekeni kwegumbi elihlanzekile. Lapho abaqhubi bengena ekamelweni elihlanzekile, uthuli luyanda kakhulu. Uma kunabantu abahamba beya phambili naphambili, ukuhlanzeka kuyawohloka ngokushesha. Kungabonakala ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuwohloka kokuhlanzeka yizinto ezingabantu.
1.2 Ukungaguquguquki: Indawo ehlanzekile yegumbi isiza ukugcina ukuhambisana nokuphindaphindeka kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezinzile.
Ngokuphathelene ne-substrate yengilazi, ukunamathela kwezinhlayiya zothuli kuzobangela imihuzuko ku-substrate yengilazi, ama-short circuits nama-bubbles, kanye nenye ikhwalithi yenqubo engeyinhle, okuholela ekuqhekekeni. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwemithombo yokungcola sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile.
Ukungena nokuvimbela uthuli lwangaphandle
Igumbi elihlanzekile kufanele ligcine umfutho ofanele (>0.5mm/Hg), lenze umsebenzi omuhle kuphrojekthi yokwakha yokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuvuza komoya, futhi ngaphambi kokuletha abasebenzi, imishini, izinto zokusetshenziswa, amathuluzi, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, njll. egumbini elihlanzekile, kumele zihlanzwe futhi zisulwe, njll. Izenzo zokuvimbela uthuli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi okuhlanza kudingeka abekwe kahle futhi ashintshwe noma ahlanzwe njalo.
Ukukhiqizwa nokuvimbela uthuli emakamelweni ahlanzekile
Ukukhetha okufanele izinto ezihlanzekile zamakamelo njengebhodi lokuhlukanisa kanye nephansi, ukulawula imishini yokusebenza, okungukuthi ukulungiswa nokuhlanza okuvamile, abasebenzi bokukhiqiza abavunyelwe ukuhambahamba noma ukwenza ukunyakaza okukhulu kwemizimba ezindaweni zabo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela njengokufaka omata abanamathelayo kuthathwa eziteshini ezikhethekile.
2. Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza
2.1 Nciphisa izinga lokungcola: Ngokunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokungcola enqubweni yokukhiqiza, izinga lokungcola lingancishiswa, izinga lokukhiqiza lingakhushulwa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kungathuthukiswa.
Isibonelo: Kunezinyathelo ezingu-600 ekukhiqizweni kwe-wafer. Uma isivuno senqubo ngayinye singama-99%, iyini isivuno esiphelele sezinqubo zenqubo ezingu-600? Impendulo: 0.99^600 = 0.24%.
Ukuze inqubo ibe nokwenzeka ngokwezomnotho, kudingeka kube ngakanani inzuzo yesinyathelo ngasinye?
•0.999^600= 54.8%
•0.9999^600=94.2%
Isivuno senqubo ngayinye sidinga ukufinyelela ngaphezu kuka-99.99% ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesivuno sokugcina senqubo esingaphezu kuka-90%, futhi ukungcola kwama-microparticles kuzothinta ngqo isivuno senqubo.
2.2 Sheshisa inqubo: Ukusebenza endaweni ehlanzekile kunganciphisa ukuhlanza okungadingekile kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza kabusha, okwenza inqubo yokukhiqiza isebenze kahle kakhulu.
3. Qinisekisa impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi
3.1 Impilo Yomsebenzi: Kwezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingase zikhiphe izinto eziyingozi, amakamelo ahlanzekile angavimbela izinto eziyingozi ukuthi zingasabalali endaweni engaphandle futhi avikele impilo yabasebenzi. Selokhu kwathuthukiswa isintu, ubuchwepheshe, imishini nolwazi kuye kwathuthuka, kodwa ikhwalithi yomoya iye yehla. Umuntu uphefumula cishe ama-M3 angu-270,000 esikhathini sakhe sokuphila, futhi uchitha u-70% kuya ku-90% wesikhathi sakhe endlini. Izinhlayiya ezincane ziphefumulwa ngumzimba womuntu bese zifakwa ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Izinhlayiya ezingu-5 kuya ku-30um zifakwa emphinjeni, izinhlayiya ezingu-1 kuya ku-5um zifakwa emphinjeni nase-bronchi, kanti izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kuka-1um zifakwa odongeni lwe-alveolar.
Abantu abahlala ekamelweni elingenawo umoya ohlanzekile owanele isikhathi eside bathambekele "ekuguleni kwangaphakathi", abanezimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, ukuqina kwesifuba, nokukhathala, futhi bathambekele nasezifweni zokuphefumula nezesimiso sezinzwa. Izinga likazwelonke lezwe lami i-GB/T18883-2002 libeka ukuthi umthamo womoya ohlanzekile akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-30m3/h.
Umthamo womoya omusha wegumbi elihlanzekile kufanele uthathe inani eliphezulu lezinto ezimbili ezilandelayo:
a. Isamba somthamo womoya odingekayo ukuze kulungiswe umthamo wokukhipha umoya ngaphakathi kanye nokuqinisekisa inani lokucindezela okuhle ngaphakathi.
b. Qinisekisa ukuthi umoya omusha udingwa ngabasebenzi begumbi elihlanzekile. Ngokwezincazelo zomklamo wegumbi elihlanzekile, umthamo womoya omusha ngomuntu ngamunye ngehora awungaphansi kwama-40m3.
3.2 Ukukhiqizwa okuphephile: Ngokulawula imingcele yemvelo efana nomswakama kanye nokushisa, izingozi zokuphepha ezifana nokukhishwa kwe-electrostatic zingagwenywa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokukhiqizwa.
4. Hlangana nezidingo zomthetho nezijwayelekile
4.1 Izindinganiso zemboni: Izimboni eziningi zinezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka eziqinile (njenge-ISO 14644), futhi ukukhiqizwa kumele kwenziwe emakamelweni ahlanzekile anezinga elithile. Ukuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso akuyona nje imfuneko yokulawula, kodwa futhi kubonisa ukuncintisana kwezinkampani.
Ukuze uthole ibhentshi lokusebenzela elihlanzekile, ishede elihlanzekile, ifasitela lokudlulisa ukugeleza kwe-laminar, iyunithi yesihlungi sefeni i-FFU, ikhabethe elihlanzekile, i-laminar flow hood, i-weighhood, isikrini esihlanzekile, ukuzihlanza, imikhiqizo yochungechunge lweshawa lomoya, kubalulekile ukwenza izindlela zokuhlola ukuhlanzeka kwemikhiqizo ekhona zifane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kwemikhiqizo.
4.2 Isitifiketi kanye nokuhlolwa: Phasa ukuhlolwa kwezikhungo zokuqinisekisa ezivela eceleni bese uthola izitifiketi ezifanele (njenge-GMP, ISO 9001, njll.) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende nokwandisa ukufinyelela emakethe.
5. Khuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe
5.1 Ukusekelwa kwe-R&D: Amakamelo ahlanzekile ahlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlola efanelekile yokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi asize ekusheshiseni ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha.
5.2 Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo: Ngaphansi kwendawo elawulwa ngokuqinile, kulula ukubona nokuhlaziya umthelela wezinguquko zenqubo ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthazwe ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo.
6. Thuthukisa isithombe somkhiqizo
6.1 Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi: Ukuba nezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile ezisezingeni eliphezulu kungathuthukisa isithombe somkhiqizo futhi kwandise ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
6.2 Ukuncintisana Kwemakethe: Imikhiqizo engakhiqizwa endaweni ehlanzekile ivame ukubhekwa njengophawu lwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, okusiza izinkampani ukuthi zivelele emncintiswaneni wemakethe onamandla.
7. Nciphisa izindleko zokulungisa nokulungisa
7.1 Yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini: Imishini yokukhiqiza namathuluzi asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlanzekile awathinteki kalula ekugqwaleni nasekugugeni, ngaleyo ndlela andise isikhathi sokuphila kwenkonzo futhi anciphise imvamisa yokulungisa kanye nezindleko.
7.2 Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: Ngokwenza ngcono ukuklama nokuphathwa kwamakamelo ahlanzekile, thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
Izimiso ezine zokuphathwa kokusebenza kwegumbi elihlanzekile:
1. Ungalethi:
Uhlaka lwesihlungi se-hepa alukwazi ukuvuza.
Ingcindezi eklanyelwe kumele igcinwe ngaphakathi endlini.
Abasebenzi kumele bashintshe izingubo futhi bangene ekamelweni elihlanzekile ngemva kokugeza ngomoya.
Zonke izinto, imishini, namathuluzi asetshenziswayo kumele ahlanzwe ngaphambi kokuba alethwe.
2. Ungakhiqizi:
Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke izingubo ezingenalo uthuli.
Nciphisa izenzo ezingadingekile.
Ungasebenzisi izinto ezilula ukukhiqiza uthuli.
Izinto ezingadingekile azikwazi ukulethwa.
3. Ungaqongeleli:
Akufanele kube namakhona kanye nemingcele yomshini okunzima ukuwahlanza noma ukuwahlanza.
Zama ukunciphisa imigudu yomoya eveziwe, amapayipi amanzi, njll. ngaphakathi endlini.
Ukuhlanza kumele kwenziwe ngokwezindlela ezijwayelekile kanye nezikhathi ezibekiwe.
4. Susa ngokushesha:
Khulisa inani lezinguquko zomoya.
Ugesi ophumayo eduze kwengxenye ekhiqiza uthuli.
Thuthukisa isimo sokugeleza komoya ukuze uvimbele uthuli ukuthi lunamathele kumkhiqizo.
Ngamafuphi, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kwamakamelo ahlanzekile kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukuvikela impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho, ukukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obusha, kanye nokuthuthukisa isithombe somkhiqizo. Amabhizinisi kufanele acabangele ngokugcwele lezi zici lapho akha futhi egcina amakamelo ahlanzekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amakamelo ahlanzekile angahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza kanye ne-R&D.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-12-2024