Ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke ubuchwepheshe kungenxa yezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile abuhlukile. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, ama-gyroscope athwala umoya akhiqizwa e-United States ukuze kuqondiswe izindiza kwadingeka aphinde asetshenziswe isilinganiso sezikhathi ezingu-120 kuma-gyroscope ayi-10 ngenxa yekhwalithi engazinzile. Ngesikhathi seMpi yaseKorea ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezingaphezu kwesigidi zashintshwa emishinini yokuxhumana ye-elekthronikhi engu-160,000 e-United States. Ukwehluleka kwe-radar kwenzeke ngo-84% wesikhathi, kanti ukwehluleka kwe-sonar yomkhumbi-ngwenya kwenzeka ngo-48% wesikhathi. Isizathu ukuthi amadivayisi kagesi nezingxenye zawo zinokwethenjelwa okubi kanye nekhwalithi engazinzile. Amasosha nabakhiqizi baphenya imbangela futhi ekugcineni bathola ezicini eziningi ukuthi ihlobene nendawo yokukhiqiza engahlanzekile. Nakuba kungekho zindleko ezashiywa futhi kwathathwa izinyathelo eziningana eziqinile ukuvala indawo yokukhiqiza, imiphumela yayimincane. Ngakho-ke lokhu kwaba ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile!
Ukuthuthukiswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Isigaba sokuqala: Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, eyasungulwa ngempumelelo yi-US Atomic Energy Commission ngo-1951 ukuxazulula inkinga yokubamba uthuli olunemisebe oluyingozi kubantu, yasetshenziswa ohlelweni lokulethwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza. Ukuhlunga umoya ngempela kwazala igumbi elihlanzekile elinokubaluleka kwesimanje.
Isigaba sesibili: Ngo-1961, uWillis Whitfield, umcwaningi omkhulu eSandia National Laboratories e-United States, waphakamisa lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-laminar ngaleso sikhathi, futhi manje sekubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional. (ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional) uhlelo lokuhlela ukugeleza komoya ohlanzekile futhi wasetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi angempela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igumbi elihlanzekile selifinyelele ezingeni lokuhlanzeka elingakaze libonwe.
Isigaba sesithathu: Ngonyaka ofanayo, i-US Air Force yakha futhi yakhipha indinganiso yokuqala emhlabeni yegumbi elihlanzekile i-TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Indinganiso Yokuklama Nezimpawu Zokusebenza Zamakamelo Ahlanzekile Namabhentshi Ahlanzekile." Ngalesi sisekelo, indinganiso kahulumeni wase-US i-FED-STD-209, eyahlukanisa amakamelo ahlanzekile abe amazinga amathathu, yamenyezelwa ngoDisemba 1963. Kuze kube manje, i-prototype yobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile eliphelele seyakhiwe.
Intuthuko ezintathu ezibalulekile ezingenhla zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizigaba ezintathu ezibalulekile emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwamakamelo ahlanzekile esimanje.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, amakamelo ahlanzekile ayevela emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni e-United States. Ayengasetshenziswa kuphela embonini yezempi, kodwa futhi ayekhuthazwa kuma-elekthronikhi, ama-optics, ama-micro bearings, ama-micro motors, amafilimu azwela ukukhanya, ama-reagent amakhemikhali amsulwa kakhulu kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni, edlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yesayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni ngaleso sikhathi. Kulokhu, okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe emazweni asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwentuthuko
Kwamanye Amazwe: Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokubamba uthuli olunemisebe oluyingozi emzimbeni womuntu, i-US Atomic Energy Commission yethula isihlungi somoya sezinhlayiya ezisebenzayo kakhulu (i-HEPA) ngo-1950, esaba yingqophamlando yokuqala emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. Ngawo-1960, amakamelo ahlanzekile aqala ukusebenza emishinini yokunemba kagesi nakwezinye izimboni e-United States. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokutshala ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile lezimboni emakamelweni ahlanzekile ezinto eziphilayo yaqala. Ngo-1961, kwazalwa igumbi elihlanzekile le-laminar flow (unidirectional flow) clean. Indinganiso yokuqala emhlabeni yegumbi elihlanzekile - i-US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 yasungulwa. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukugxila kokwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile kwaqala ukushintshela ezimbonini zezokwelapha, zemithi, zokudla kanye nezamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwe-United States, amanye amazwe athuthukile kwezimboni njengeJapan, iJalimane, i-United Kingdom, iFrance, iSwitzerland, iSoviet Union yangaphambili, iNetherlands, njll. nawo abeka ukubaluleka okukhulu futhi athuthukisa ngamandla ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. Ngemva kweminyaka yama-1980, i-United States ne-Japani baphumelele ukuthuthukisa izihlungi ezintsha ze-ultra-hepa ezinomgomo wokuhlunga ongu-0.1 μm kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuqoqa okungu-99.99%. Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa amakamelo ahlanzekile kakhulu anezinga le-0.1μm 10 kanye nezinga le-0.1μm 1, okwaletha ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile enkathini entsha.
IShayina: Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, le minyaka eyishumi yayiyisiqalo nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina. Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva kunakwamanye amazwe. Kwakuyinkathi ekhethekile kakhulu nenzima, enomnotho obuthakathaka futhi kungekho diplomacy yezwe eliqinile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka kanye nezidingo zemishini enembile, izinsimbi zezindiza kanye nezimboni ze-elekthronikhi, izisebenzi zobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile zaseShayina zaqala uhambo lwazo lwebhizinisi. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina bube nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa esikhanyayo. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina, impumelelo eminingi ebalulekile cishe yazalwa kulesi sigaba. Izinkomba zifinyelele ezingeni lobuchwepheshe lamazwe angaphandle ngawo-1980. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 kuze kube manje, umnotho waseShayina ugcine ukukhula okuzinzile nokusheshayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kuqhubekile nokufakwa, futhi amaqembu amaningi amazwe ngamazwe akhe ngokulandelana izimboni eziningi ze-microelectronics eShayina. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe basekhaya kanye nabacwaningi banamathuba amaningi okuxhumana ngqo nemibono yokuklama amakamelo ahlanzekile angaphandle asezingeni eliphezulu, nokuqonda imishini namadivayisi athuthukile emhlabeni, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa, njll.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zaseShayina zamakamelo ahlanzekile nazo ziyathuthuka ngokushesha. Izindinganiso zokuphila zabantu ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi izidingo zabo zemvelo yokuhlala kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila ziya ngokuya ziphakama. Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile buye kancane kancane baguqulwa ukuze kuhlanzwe umoya wasekhaya. Njengamanje, amaphrojekthi amakamelo ahlanzekile aseShayina awafaneleki nje kuphela kuma-elekthronikhi, izinto zikagesi, imithi, ukudla, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye neminye imboni, kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi asetshenziswe emakhaya, ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa zomphakathi, ezikhungweni zemfundo, njll. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile ziye zasakazeka kancane kancane emindenini eyizinkulungwane. Ubukhulu bemboni yemishini yamakamelo ahlanzekile yasekhaya bukhule usuku nosuku, futhi abantu sebeqalile ukujabulela kancane kancane imiphumela yobunjiniyela bamakamelo ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-20-2023