Ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwabo bonke ubuchwepheshe kungenxa yezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile abuhlukile. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ama-gyroscope athwala umoya akhiqizwa e-United States ukuze aqondise indiza kwadingeka ukuba ahlelwe kabusha ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi ezingu-120 kuwo wonke ama-gyroscope angu-10 ngenxa yekhwalithi engazinzile. Phakathi neMpi YeNhlonhlo YaseKorea ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezingaphezu kwesigidi zashintshwa emishinini yokuxhumana ye-elekthronikhi engu-160,000 e-United States. Ukwehluleka kwe-radar kwenzeka ngo-84% wesikhathi, futhi ukwehluleka kwe-sonar komkhumbi-ngwenya kwenzeka ngo-48% wesikhathi. Isizathu siwukuthi izinto zikagesi kanye nezingxenye zinokuthenjwa okuphansi kanye nekhwalithi engazinzile. Amasosha kanye nabakhiqizi baphenya imbangela futhi ekugcineni banquma ezicini eziningi ukuthi kuhlobene nendawo yokukhiqiza engcolile. Nakuba zingekho izindleko eziye zagcinwa futhi kwathathwa izinyathelo ezinqala ukuze kuvalwe umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi, imiphumela yaba mincane. Ngakho lokhu kwakuwukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile!
Ukuthuthukiswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Isigaba sokuqala: Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, eyathuthukiswa ngempumelelo yi-US Atomic Energy Commission ngo-1951 ukuxazulula inkinga yokubamba uthuli olukhipha imisebe oluyingozi kubantu, yasetshenziswa ohlelweni lokulethwa. yezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi zokukhiqiza. Ukuhlunga komoya ngempela kubelethe igumbi elihlanzekile elinokubaluleka kwesimanjemanje.
Isigaba sesibili: Ngo-1961, uWillis Whitfield, umcwaningi omkhulu eSandia National Laboratories e-United States, wahlongoza lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-laminar ngaleso sikhathi, futhi manje okubizwa ngokuthi i-unidirectional flow. (ukugeleza okukodwa) uhlelo lwenhlangano yokugeleza komoya oluhlanzekile futhi lusetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi wangempela. Kusukela lapho, igumbi elihlanzekile selifinyelele izinga lokuhlanzeka elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili.
Isigaba sesithathu: Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-US Air Force yakha futhi yakhipha indinganiso yokuqala yomhlaba yegumbi elihlanzekile TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Izici Zokuklama Nezimo Zokusebenza Zamagumbi Ahlanzekile Namabhentshi Ahlanzekile." Ngalesi sisekelo, i-US federal standard standard FED-STD-209, eyahlukanisa amagumbi ahlanzekile abe amazinga amathathu, yamenyezelwa ngoDisemba 1963. Kuze kube manje, isifanekiso sobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile senziwe.
Lezi zinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile ezingenhla zivame ukunconywa njengezinyathelo ezintathu emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile lesimanje.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, amagumbi ahlanzekile ayevela emikhakheni yezimboni ehlukahlukene e-United States. Ayizange isetshenziswe embonini yezempi kuphela, kodwa futhi yathuthukiswa ku-electronics, optics, micro bearings, micro motors, amafilimu e-photosensitive, ama-reagents amakhemikhali e-ultrapure kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni, idlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni. ngaleso sikhathi. Kuze kube manje, okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe samazwe asekhaya nawangaphandle.
Ukuqhathanisa ukuthuthukiswa
Kwamanye amazwe: Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1950, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokubamba uthuli olukhipha imisebe oluyingozi emzimbeni womuntu, iKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic Yase-US yethula isihlungi somoya esiyizinhlayiyana esisebenza kahle kakhulu (i-HEPA) ngo-1950, okwaba ingqopha-mlando yokuqala umlando wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. Ngawo-1960, amagumbi ahlanzekile avela emishinini yobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi nezinye izimboni e-United States. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokufakelwa kabusha ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile lezimboni emakamelweni ahlanzekile yezinto eziphilayo yaqala. Ngo-1961, ukugeleza kwe-laminar (ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional) igumbi elihlanzekile lazalwa. Igumbi elihlanzekile lokuqala emhlabeni - I-US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 yasungulwa. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukugxila kokwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile kwaqala ukushintshela ezimbonini zezokwelapha, ezemithi, zokudla kanye nezamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwe-United States, amanye amazwe athuthuke kakhulu ezimbonini afana ne-Japan, iJalimane, i-United Kingdom, i-France, i-Switzerland, izwe elaliyiSoviet Union, i-Netherlands, njll. Ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1980, i-United States ne-Japan yathuthukisa ngempumelelo izihlungi ezintsha ze-ultra-hepa ezinomgomo wokuhlunga ongu-0.1 μm kanye nokusebenza kahle kweqoqo lama-99.99%. Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa amagumbi ahlanzekile e-ultra-hepa anezinga le-10 elingu-0.1μm kanye neleveli 1 engu-0.1μm, okwaletha ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile enkathini entsha.
I-China: Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-1970, le minyaka eyishumi yayiyisigaba sokuqala nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina. Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva kunaphesheya. Kwakuyinkathi ekhetheke kakhulu futhi enzima, enomnotho obuthakathaka futhi ingekho izingxoxo zezwe eliqinile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka kanye nezidingo zemishini enembayo, izinsimbi zezindiza nezimboni ze-elekthronikhi, abasebenzi baseShayina basebenza ngegumbi elihlanzekile baqala uhambo lwabo lwezamabhizinisi. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-1980, ubuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseShayina buhlangabezane nesigaba sokuthuthuka libalele. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile laseChina, izimpumelelo eziningi eziyingqopha-mlando nezibalulekile cishe zonke zazalwa kulesi sigaba. Izinkomba sezifinyelele ezingeni lobuchwepheshe lamazwe angaphandle ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 kuze kube manje, umnotho waseShayina ubulokhu uzinzile futhi ukhula ngokushesha, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe kuye kwaqhubeka nokujovwa, futhi idlanzana lamaqembu ezizwe ngezizwe liye lakha izimboni eziningi ze-microelectronics ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe basekhaya nabacwaningi banamathuba amaningi okuxhumana ngokuqondile nemiqondo yokuklama yamakamelo angaphandle ahlanzekile asezingeni eliphezulu, futhi baqonde imishini ethuthukisiwe yomhlaba namadivayisi, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa, njll.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zamakamelo ahlanzekile zaseChina nazo zithuthuka ngokushesha. Izinga lokuphila kwabantu liyaqhubeka nokuba ngcono, futhi izidingo zabo ngendawo yokuhlala nezinga lempilo ziya ngokuya zikhuphuka. Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela begumbi elihlanzekile buye bashintshwa kancane kancane ukuze kuhlanzwe umoya wasendlini. Njengamanje, amaphrojekthi ahlanzekile egumbi laseChina awafanele nje kuphela izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, imithi, ukudla, ucwaningo lwesayensi nezinye izimboni, kodwa futhi kungenzeka asetshenziswe ezindlini, ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa zomphakathi, ezikhungweni zemfundo, njll. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile ziye zasakazeka kancane kancane ezinkulungwaneni zemizi. Izinga lemboni yemishini yasendlini ehlanzekile nayo ikhule usuku nosuku, futhi abantu sebeqale ukujabulela imiphumela yobunjiniyela bamagumbi ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-20-2023