Ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile
Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwabo bonke ubuchwepheshe kungenxa yezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza abuhlukile. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-United States yakhiqiza ama-gyroscope antantayo emoyeni ukuze kuzuzwe indiza. Ngenxa yekhwalithi engazinzile, wonke ama-gyroscopes ayi-10 kwakudingeka asetshenziswe kabusha ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi eziyi-120. Phakathi neMpi YaseKorea ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-United States yashintsha izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezingaphezu kwesigidi emishinini yokuxhumana kagesi eyi-160,000. Ama-radar ahlulekile ngamaphesenti angama-84 wesikhathi futhi ama-soner angaphansi kwamanzi ahluleka u-48% wesikhathi. Isizathu siwukuthi ukuthembeka kwemishini kagesi kanye nezingxenye kumpofu futhi ikhwalithi ayizinzile. Amasosha kanye nabakhiqizi baphenya izizathu futhi ekugcineni banquma ngezici eziningi ukuthi kuhlobene nendawo yokukhiqiza engcolile. Nakuba izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene eziqinile zathathwa ukuze kuvalwe ishabhu yokukhiqiza ngaleso sikhathi, umphumela wawumncane. Ngakho-ke lokhu ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile!
Ukuthuthukiswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza
Isigaba sokuqala
Kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1950 lapho i-HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) eyasungulwa yi-US Atomic Energy Commission ngo-1951 ukuze ixazulule inkinga yokubamba uthuli olukhipha imisebe eyingozi emzimbeni womuntu yasetshenziswa ekuhlungeni umoya womoya. ishabhu yokukhiqiza, futhi igumbi lokuhlanza lesimanje lazalwa ngempela.
Isigaba sesibili
Ngo-1961, uWillis Whitfield, umcwaningi omkhulu eSandia National Laboratories e-United States, wahlongoza uhlelo lwenhlangano ehlanzekile yokugeleza komoya, ngaleso sikhathi olwalubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-laminar, manje osekubizwa ngokusemthethweni ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional, futhi walusebenzisa ebunjiniyela bangempela. Kusukela lapho, amagumbi ahlanzekile afinyelele izinga lokuhlanzeka eliphakeme ngendlela engakaze ibonwe.
Isigaba sesithathu
Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-US Air Force yakha futhi yakhipha indinganiso yokuqala yomhlaba yegumbi elihlanzekile TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Design and Operation Characteristics Standards for Cleaning and Clean.Bench". Ngalesi sisekelo, i-US Federal Standard FED-STD-209, ehlukanisa igumbi elihlanzekile libe amazinga amathathu, yamenyezelwa ngo-December 1963. Kuze kube manje, isibonelo sobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile senziwe.
Lezi zinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile ezingenhla zivame ukunconywa njengezinyathelo ezintathu emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, kwavela izindlu ezihlanzekile emikhakheni yezimboni ehlukahlukene e-United States. Ayisetshenziswa embonini yezempi kuphela, kodwa futhi ithuthukiswa kuma-electronics, optics, ama-micro bearings, ama-micro motors, amafilimu e-photosensitive, ama-reagents amakhemikhali e-ultrapure kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni, eyabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni. ngaleso sikhathi. Ngalesi sizathu, okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe ekhaya naphesheya.
Ukuqhathanisa Ukuthuthukiswa
Kwamanye amazwe
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-US Atomic Energy Commission yethula isihlungi somoya esisebenza kahle kakhulu (i-HEPA) ngo-1950 ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokubamba uthuli olukhipha imisebe oluyingozi emzimbeni womuntu, kwaba ingqopha-mlando yokuqala emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. .
Maphakathi nawo-1960, indawo yokuhlanza emafekthri njengemishini yokunemba kagesi e-United States yamila njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yaqala inqubo yokutshala ubuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza ezimbonini kumagumbi ahlanzekile ezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-1961, kwazalwa igumbi elihlanzekile le-laminar flow (ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional). Igumbi lokuhlanza lakudala kakhulu emhlabeni—i-US Air Force Technical Regulations 203 yasungulwa.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukugxila kokwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile kwaqala ukushintshela ezimbonini zezokwelapha, ezemithi, zokudla kanye nezamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle kwe-United States, amanye amazwe athuthukile ezimboni, njengeJapane, iJalimane, iBrithani, iFrance, iSwitzerland, izwe elaliyiSoviet Union, neNetherlands, nawo aye abubheka njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bezindlu ezihlanzekile futhi babuthuthukisa ngamandla.
Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1980, i-United States ne-Japan baye bathuthukisa ngempumelelo izihlungi ezintsha ze-ultra-high ezisebenza kahle ngento yokuhlunga engu-0.1μm kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthwebula okungu-99.99%. Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa amagumbi ahlanzekile asezingeni eliphakeme wezinga elingu-0.1μm leveli 10 kanye neleveli 1 engu-0.1μm, okwaletha ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe begumbi enkathini entsha.
Okwasekhaya
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-1970, le minyaka eyishumi yayiyisigaba sokuqala nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza zaseChina. Cishe kwase kudlule iminyaka eyishumi kunamazwe angaphandle. Kwakuyinkathi ekhetheke kakhulu nenzima, enomnotho ontekenteke futhi ingekho i-diplomacy namazwe anamandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka, mayelana nezidingo zemishini enembayo, amathuluzi ezindiza nezimboni zikagesi, abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe be-cleanroom base-China baqala uhambo lwabo lwezamabhizinisi.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, phakathi naleli shumi leminyaka, ubuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza zaseShayina buhlangabezane nesigaba sokuthuthuka libalele. Ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza zaseChina, izimpumelelo eziningi eziyingqophamlando nezibalulekile zicishe zazalwa kulesi sigaba. Izinkomba zafinyelela ezingeni lobuchwepheshe lamazwe angaphandle ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, umnotho waseShayina ugcine uzinzile futhi ukhula ngesivinini esikhulu, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi idlanzana lamaqembu ezizwe ngezizwe liye lakha izimboni eziningi zama-microelectronics ngokulandelana eShayina. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe basekhaya nabacwaningi banamathuba amaningi okuxhumana ngokuqondile nemiqondo yokuklama yegumbi lokuhlanza lezinga eliphezulu langaphandle, baqonde imishini ethuthukisiwe yomhlaba namadivayisi, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa, njll.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, amabhizinisi aseShayina ahlanzekile nawo athuthuke ngokushesha.
Njengoba izinga lokuphila kwabantu liqhubeka nokuba ngcono, izidingo zabo zendawo yokuhlala kanye nezinga lempilo liya ngokuya likhuphuka, futhiigumbi elihlanzekileubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela buye basetshenziswa kancane kancane ekuhlanzeni umoya wasekhaya. Okwamanje,China's igumbi elihlanzekileubunjiniyela abusebenzi kuphela ezintweni zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, imithi, ukudla, ucwaningo lwesayensi nezinye izimboni, kodwa futhi kungenzeka buqhubekele phambili ekhaya, ezokuzijabulisa zomphakathi nezinye izindawo, izikhungo zemfundo, njll. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kuye kwathuthukisa kancane kancane.igumbi elihlanzekileizinkampani zobunjiniyela ezinkulungwaneni zemizi, kanye nesilinganiso sasekhayaigumbi elihlanzekileimboni nayo ikhule, futhi abantu sebeqale ukujabulela kancane imiphumela yeigumbi elihlanzekileubunjiniyela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-22-2024