Ukuzalwa kwegumbi lokuhlanza
Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke ubuchwepheshe kungenxa yezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom abuhlukile. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, i-United States yakhiqiza ama-gyroscope antanta emoyeni ukuze aqondise izindiza. Ngenxa yekhwalithi engazinzile, wonke ama-gyroscope ayi-10 kwadingeka aphinde asetshenziswe isilinganiso sezikhathi eziyi-120. Ngesikhathi seMpi yaseKorea ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-United States yashintsha izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezingaphezu kwesigidi emishinini yokuxhumana ye-elekthronikhi engu-160,000. Ama-radar ahluleka ngo-84% wesikhathi kanti ama-sonar angaphansi komhlaba ahluleka ngo-48% wesikhathi. Isizathu ukuthi ukuthembeka kwamadivayisi kagesi nezingxenye kuphansi futhi ikhwalithi ayizinzile. Amasosha nabakhiqizi baphenya izizathu futhi ekugcineni bathola ezicini eziningi ukuthi kwakuhlobene nendawo yokukhiqiza engahlanzekile. Nakuba kwathathwa izinyathelo eziqinile ezahlukahlukene ukuvala indawo yokukhiqiza ngaleso sikhathi, umphumela wawumncane. Ngakho-ke lokhu ukuzalwa kwe-cleanroom!
Ukuthuthukiswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza
Isigaba sokuqala
Kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-1950 lapho i-HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) eyasungulwa yi-US Atomic Energy Commission ngo-1951 ukuxazulula inkinga yokubamba uthuli olunemisebe oluyingozi emzimbeni womuntu yasetshenziswa ekuhlungeni umoya endaweni yokukhiqiza, futhi igumbi lokuhlanza lanamuhla lazalwa ngempela.
Isigaba sesibili
Ngo-1961, uWillis Whitfield, umcwaningi omkhulu eSandia National Laboratories e-United States, waphakamisa uhlelo lokuhlela ukugeleza komoya ohlanzekile, olwalubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-laminar, manje olubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional, futhi walusebenzisa kubunjiniyela bangempela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amakamelo ahlanzekile afinyelele ezingeni lokuhlanzeka eliphakeme kakhulu.
Isigaba sesithathu
Ngonyaka ofanayo, i-US Air Force yakha futhi yakhipha indinganiso yokuqala emhlabeni yegumbi lokuhlanza i-TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Izindinganiso Zokuklama Nokusebenza Kwezindawo Zokuhlanza NokuhlanzaBNgalesi sisekelo, i-US Federal Standard FED-STD-209, ehlukanisa igumbi elihlanzekile libe amazinga amathathu, yamenyezelwa ngoDisemba 1963. Kuze kube manje, i-prototype yobuchwepheshe begumbi elihlanzekile eliphelele seyakhiwe.
Intuthuko ezintathu ezibalulekile ezingenhla zivame ukudunyiswa njengezinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuhlanza zanamuhla.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, kwavela amakamelo okuhlanza emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni e-United States. Ayisetshenziswa kuphela embonini yezempi, kodwa futhi ikhuthazwa kuma-elekthronikhi, ama-optics, ama-micro bearings, ama-micro motors, amafilimu azwela ukukhanya, ama-reagent amakhemikhali acwebezelayo kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni, okwadlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nemboni ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, okulandelayo yisingeniso esinemininingwane ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwentuthuko
Kwamanye amazwe
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-US Atomic Energy Commission yethula isihlungi somoya esisebenza kahle kakhulu (i-HEPA) ngo-1950 ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokubamba uthuli olunemisebe oluyingozi emzimbeni womuntu, okwaba yingqophamlando yokuqala emlandweni wentuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, indawo yokuhlanza emafektri afana nemishini yobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi e-United States yavela njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaqala inqubo yokutshala ubuchwepheshe bezindawo zokuhlanza zezimboni ezindaweni zokuhlanza eziphilayo. Ngo-1961, kwazalwa indawo yokuhlanza ye-laminar flow (unidirectional flow) cleanroom. Indinganiso yokuqala yezindawo zokuhlanza emhlabeni - i-US Air Force Technical Regulations 203 yasungulwa.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukugxila kokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlanza kwaqala ukushintshela ezimbonini zezokwelapha, zemithi, zokudla kanye nezamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwe-United States, amanye amazwe athuthukile ezimbonini, njengeJapane, iJalimane, iBrithani, iFrance, iSwitzerland, iSoviet Union yangaphambili, kanye neNetherlands, nawo agxile kakhulu futhi athuthukise ubuchwepheshe bezindawo zokuhlanza ngamandla.
Ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1980, i-United States ne-Japani baphumelele ukuthuthukisa izihlungi ezintsha ezisebenzayo kakhulu ezinento yokuhlunga engu-0.1μm kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubamba okungu-99.99%. Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa amakamelo ahlanzekile kakhulu anezinga eliphezulu elingu-0.1μm level 10 kanye nezinga 1 elingu-0.1μm, okwaletha ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza enkathini entsha.
Yasekhaya
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, le minyaka eyishumi yayiyisiqalo nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-cleanroom baseShayina. Kwakuyiminyaka engaba yishumi kamuva kunamazwe angaphandle. Kwakuyinkathi ekhethekile kakhulu nenzima, enomnotho obuthakathaka futhi kungekho zingxoxo namazwe anamandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka, eziphathelene nezidingo zemishini enembile, izinsimbi zezindiza kanye nezimboni zikagesi, abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe be-cleanroom baseShayina baqala uhambo lwabo lokuhweba.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 kuya ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, phakathi nale minyaka eyishumi, ubuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza zaseShayina bube nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa esikhanyayo. Ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza zaseShayina, impumelelo eminingi ebalulekile nebalulekile yacishe yazalwa kulesi sigaba. Izinkomba zafinyelela ezingeni lobuchwepheshe lamazwe angaphandle ngawo-1980.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, umnotho waseShayina ugcine ukukhula okuzinzile nokusheshayo, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kwamanye amazwe, futhi amaqembu amaningi amazwe ngamazwe akhe ngokulandelana izimboni eziningi ze-microelectronics eShayina. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe basekhaya kanye nabacwaningi banamathuba amaningi okuxhumana ngqo nemibono yokuklama yegumbi lokuhlanza langaphandle elisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuqonda imishini namadivayisi athuthukile emhlabeni, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa, njll.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, amabhizinisi aseShayina amakamelo okuhlanza nawo athuthuke ngokushesha.
Njengoba amazinga okuphila kwabantu eqhubeka nokuthuthuka, izidingo zabo zendawo yokuhlala kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila ziya ngokuya ziphakama, futhiigumbi lokuhlanzaubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela busetshenziswe kancane kancane ekuhlanzweni komoya ekhaya. Njengamanje,IShayina's igumbi lokuhlanzaubunjiniyela abusebenzi nje kuphela kuma-elekthronikhi, izinto zikagesi, imithi, ukudla, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye neminye imboni, kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi buqhubekele emakhaya, ezokuzijabulisa zomphakathi kanye nezinye izindawo, izikhungo zemfundo, njll. Intuthuko eqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe iye yakhuthaza kancane kancaneigumbi lokuhlanzaizinkampani zobunjiniyela emindenini eyizinkulungwane, kanye nobukhulu bemisebenzi yasekhayaigumbi lokuhlanzaimboni nayo ikhulile, futhi abantu sebeqalile ukujabulela kancane kancane imiphumelaigumbi lokuhlanzaubunjiniyela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-22-2024