Igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla lidinga ukuhlangabezana nezinga le-class 100000 lokuhlanzeka komoya. Ukwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile lokudla kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuwohloka nokukhula kwesikhunta kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, kunwebise impilo esebenzayo yokudla, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
1. Liyini igumbi elihlanzekile?
Igumbi elihlanzekile, elibizwa nangokuthi igumbi elihlanzekile elingenalo izintuli, libhekisela ekususweni kwezinhlayiya, umoya oyingozi, amagciwane nokunye ukungcola emoyeni endaweni ethile, kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphakathi, ukuhlanzeka, ukucindezela kwangaphakathi, isivinini somoya nokusatshalaliswa komoya, umsindo, ukudlidliza. , ukukhanyisa, nogesi omile kulawulwa phakathi kwezidingo ezithile, futhi kunikezwa igumbi eliklanywe ngokukhethekile. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zomoya zangaphandle zishintsha kanjani, izakhiwo zayo zangaphakathi zingagcina izidingo ezibekwe ekuqaleni zokuhlanzeka, izinga lokushisa, umswakama nokucindezela.
Liyini igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi elingu-100000? Ukukubeka kalula, inani lezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungu-≥0.5 μm nge-cubic meter yomoya endaweni yokusebenzela alikho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.52. Isibalo sezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni sincipha, sincane inani lothuli nama-microorganisms, kanye nomoya ohlanzekile. Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100000 lidinga ukuthi indawo yokusebenzela ukushintshanisa umoya izikhathi eziyi-15-19 ngehora, futhi isikhathi sokuhlanza umoya ngemuva kokushintshaniswa komoya okuphelele akufanele sidlule imizuzu engama-40.
2. Indawo yokuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokudla elihlanzekile
Ngokuvamile, igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla lingahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezintathu: indawo yokukhiqiza evamile, indawo ehlanzekile eyisizayo, nendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile.
(1). Indawo yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile (indawo engahlanzekile): impahla eluhlaza ejwayelekile, umkhiqizo oqediwe, indawo yokugcina amathuluzi, indawo yokudlulisa umkhiqizo oqediwe ehlanganisiwe nezinye izindawo ezinengozi ephansi yokuchayeka kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nemikhiqizo eqediwe, njengegumbi lokupakisha langaphandle, okuluhlaza kanye nokwelekelela. indawo yokugcina impahla, indawo yokugcina impahla yokupakisha, igumbi lokupakisha langaphandle, njll. Indawo yokusebenzela yokupakisha, indawo yokugcina impahla eqediwe, njll.
(2). Indawo ehlanzekile yokusiza: Izidingo zingezesibili, njengokucutshungulwa kwempahla eluhlaza, ukupakishwa kwempahla, ukupakisha, igumbi le-buffer (igumbi lokukhumula), igumbi lokukhiqiza elijwayelekile nelokucubungula, igumbi lokupakisha elingakalungeli ukudliwa kanye nezinye izindawo lapho kuqediwe. imikhiqizo iyacutshungulwa kodwa ayivezwa ngokuqondile.
(3). Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile: ibhekisa endaweni enezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zemvelo, izisebenzi eziphezulu kanye nezidingo zezemvelo, futhi kufanele ibulawe amagciwane futhi ishintshwe ngaphambi kokungena, njengalezi: izindawo zokucubungula lapho kuvezwa izinto ezingavuthiwe nemikhiqizo eqediwe, amakamelo okucubungula abandayo okudla okudliwayo. , namagumbi okupholisa ukudla osekulungele ukudliwa. Igumbi lokugcina lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa okuzopakishwa, igumbi lokupakisha langaphakathi lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa, njll.
① Igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla kufanele ligweme imithombo yokungcola, ukungcoliswa okunqamulayo, ukuxubana namaphutha ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu phakathi nokukhetha indawo, idizayini, isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kabusha.
②Indawo yefekthri ihlanzekile futhi icocekile, futhi ukugeleza kwabantu kanye nempahla kunengqondo.
③Kufanele kube nezinyathelo zokulawula ukufinyelela ezifanele ukuze kuvinjelwe abantu abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bangene.
④Londoloza idatha yokuqeda ukwakhiwa.
⑤ Izakhiwo ezinokungcoliswa komoya okubi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kufanele zakhiwe ohlangothini lokuya phansi kwefekthri lapho indlela yomoya inkulu kakhulu unyaka wonke.
⑥ Uma izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithintana zingafaneleki ukuba zibekwe esakhiweni esisodwa, kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ezifanele. Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo evutshiwe kufanele kube neshabhu elizinikele lokuvutshelwa.
3. Izidingo zezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile
① Izinqubo ezidinga ukuvala inzalo kodwa ezingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuvala inzalo ekugcineni kanye nezinqubo ezingafeza ukuvala inzalo esibulalayo kodwa zisetshenzwe ngemva kokuvala inzalo kufanele kwenziwe ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile.
② Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile enezidingo ezinhle zendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ihlanganise izindawo zokugcinwa kanye nokucubungula ukudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo esesilungele ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo eqediwe ngaphambi kokupholisa noma ukupakishwa kokugcina, nezindawo zokucutshungulwa kwangaphambili kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingakwazi. kuvalwa inzalo ngendlela ebulalayo, ukuvalwa komkhiqizo, kanye nezindawo zokubumba, indawo yokuchayeka ngemva kokuvalwa kokugcina komkhiqizo, indawo yangaphakathi yokulungisa impahla kanye nengaphakathi. Igumbi lokupakisha, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula kanye namagumbi okuhlola ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zokudla noma ukulondolozwa, njll.
③Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ibekwe ngokuphusile ngokuya ngenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezimfuneko ezihambisanayo zebanga legumbi elihlanzekile. Isakhiwo somugqa wokukhiqiza akufanele sibangele ama-crossovers kanye nokuyeka ukuqhubeka.
④ Amaworkshop ahlukene axhumene endaweni yokukhiqiza kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zezinhlobonhlobo nezinqubo. Uma kunesidingo, kufanele kuhlinzekwe amagumbi okuvimba kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvikela ukungcoliseka. Indawo yegumbi lebhafa akufanele ibe ngaphansi kwamamitha-skwele ama-3.
⑤ Ukucubungula ngaphambilini kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo oqediwe akumele kusetshenziswe indawo ehlanzekile efanayo.
⑥ Beka eceleni indawo nesikhala kuworkshop yokukhiqiza efanele isikali sokukhiqiza njengendawo yokugcina yesikhashana yezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo emaphakathi, imikhiqizo ezohlolwa kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe, kanye nokuphambana, ukudideka nokungcoliswa kufanele kuvinjwe ngokuqinile.
⑦ Igumbi lokuhlola kufanele lakhiwe ngokuzimela, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele ukubhekana nokukhipha imfucuza kanye nokukhipha amanzi. Uma kunezidingo ezihlanzekile emoyeni zenqubo yokuhlolwa komkhiqizo, kufanele kumiswe ibhentshi lokusebenzela elihlanzekile.
4. Izidingo zezinkomba zokuqapha ukuhlanzeka ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla
Indawo yokucubungula ukudla iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukuphepha kokudla. Ngakho-ke, i-Food Partner Network yenze ucwaningo nengxoxo ngaphakathi mayelana nezidingo zenkomba yokuqapha yokuhlanzeka komoya ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla.
(1). Izidingo zenhlanzeko kumazinga nemithethonqubo
Njengamanje, imithetho yokubuyekezwa kwelayisensi yokukhiqiza yeziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi inezidingo ezicacile zokuhlanzeka komoya ezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlanzekile. Imithetho Yokubuyekeza Ilayisensi Yokukhiqiza Isiphuzo (inguqulo ka-2017) ibeka ukuthi ukuhlanzeka komoya (izinhlayiya ezimisiwe, amagciwane e-sedimentation) endaweni yokukhiqiza amanzi ahlanzekile apakishiwe kufanele kufinyelele ku-class 10000 uma kumile, futhi ingxenye yokugcwalisa kufanele ifinyelele isigaba 100, noma ukuhlanzeka sekukonke. kufanele ifinyelele ikilasi 1000; iziphuzo ze-carbohydrate Indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi imvamisa yokujikeleza komoya ingaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10/h; indawo yokusebenza yokuhlanza isiphuzo esiqinile inezidingo ezihlukene zokuhlanzeka komoya ngokusekelwe ezicini kanye nezidingo zenqubo yezinhlobo ezahlukene zeziphuzo eziqinile;
Ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zokusebenza zokuhlanza iziphuzo kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezihambisanayo zokuhlanzeka komoya. Ukuhlanzeka komoya lapho i-static kufanele ifinyelele okungenani izimfuneko zesigaba esingu-100000, njengokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokuphuza engaqondile njengoketshezi olugxilile (amajusi, ama-pulps) embonini yokudla, njll. Le mfuneko ingase iyekwe.
Imithetho yokubuyekezwa enemininingwane yemibandela yelayisense yokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yobisi (inguqulo ka-2010) kanye "Ne-National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Dairy Products" (GB12693) idinga ukuthi inani eliphelele lamakoloni amagciwane emoyeni ekuhlanzweni kobisi. indawo yokusebenza kufanele ilawulwe ngaphansi kwama-30CFU/isitsha, futhi imithetho enemininingwane idinga nokuthi amabhizinisi Athumele umbiko wonyaka wokuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka komoya okhishwe i-ejensi yokuhlola eqeqeshiwe.
Ku- "National Food Safety Standard General Hygienic Specifications for Food Production" (GB 14881-2013) kanye nezinye izici zokuhlanzeka kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, izindawo zokugada amasampula, izinkomba zokuqapha kanye namaza okuqapha ama-microorganisms emvelo endaweni yokucubungula kuboniswa kakhulu ngendlela. zezithasiselo, ukuhlinzeka ngokudla Izinkampani ezikhiqiza ukudla zihlinzeka ngemikhombandlela yokuqapha.
Isibonelo, "I-National Food Safety Standard and Hygienic Code for Beverage Production" (GB 12695) incoma ukuhlanza umoya we-ambient (amagciwane okuxazulula ( Static)) ≤10 izingcezu/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Izidingo zokuqapha izinkomba zamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka
Ngokusho kolwazi olungenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi izidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya ngendlela evamile zihloselwe ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile. Ngokusho kwe-GB14881 Implementation Guide: "Izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izindawo zokugcina kanye nezokucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokupholisa kokugcina noma ukupakishwa kokudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo esekulungele ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo eqediwe, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwempahla eluhlaza, ukubunjwa kanye izindawo zokugcwalisa umkhiqizo zokudla kwenqubo okungeyona inzalo ngaphambi kokuba ukudla kungene endaweni yokupakisha ngemva kokuvala inzalo, nokunye ukucubungula nokuphatha ukudla amasayithi anobungozi obukhulu bokungcola. ”
Imithetho enemininingwane kanye nezindinganiso zokubuyekezwa kweziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi idinga ngokucacile ukuthi izinkomba zokuqapha umoya we-ambient zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye nama-microorganisms, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqapha njalo ukuthi ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokusebenza yokuhlanza kusezingeni elifanele. I-GB 12695 kanye ne-GB 12693 idinga amagciwane e-sedimentation ukuba akalwe ngokwendlela yemvelo ye-sedimentation ku-GB/T 18204.3.
"I-National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Formula Foods for Special Medical Purposes" (GB 29923) kanye "noHlelo Lokubuyekezwa Kokukhiqiza Lokudla Okunomsoco Ezemidlalo" olukhishwe yiBeijing, Jiangsu nezinye izindawo lucacisa ukuthi inani lothuli (izinhlayiya ezimisiwe) kukalwa ngokuhambisana ne-GB/T 16292. Isimo simile.
5. Lusebenza kanjani uhlelo lwegumbi elihlanzekile?
Imodi 1: Isimiso sokusebenza seyunithi yokubamba komoya + uhlelo lokuhlunga komoya + ukunikezwa komoya okuhlanzekile kwegumbi kanye namapayipi okufakwayo + amabhokisi e-HEPA + uhlelo lwepayipi lokubuyisa umoya ekamelweni elihlanzekile lujikeleza futhi lugcwalisa umoya omusha endaweni yokusebenzela ehlanzekile ukuze kufezwe ukuhlanzeka okudingekayo imvelo yokukhiqiza.
Imodi yesi-2: Umgomo wokusebenza wesihlanzi somoya semboni ye-FFU esifakwe ophahleni lweshabhu yegumbi elihlanzekile ukuze sinikeze umoya ngokuqondile egumbini elihlanzekile + uhlelo lomoya lokubuyisela + isifudumezi-moya esifakwe kusilingi ukuze siphole. Leli fomu ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwemvelo zingekho phezulu kakhulu, futhi izindleko ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Njengemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yokukhiqiza ukudla, amaphrojekthi ajwayelekile waselabhorethri angokwenyama namakhemikhali, amagumbi okupakisha imikhiqizo, ama-workshops okukhiqiza izimonyo, njll.
Ukukhethwa kwemiklamo ehlukene yokuhlinzekwa komoya kanye nezinhlelo zomoya zokubuyisela emakamelweni ahlanzekile kuyisici esinqumayo ekunqumeni amazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka kwamakamelo ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-19-2023