Igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla lidinga ukuhlangabezana nezinga le-class 100000 lokuhlanzeka komoya. Ukwakhiwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile lokudla kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuwohloka nokukhula kwesikhunta kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, kunwebise impilo esebenzayo yokudla, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
1. Liyini igumbi elihlanzekile?
Igumbi elihlanzekile, elibizwa nangokuthi igumbi elihlanzekile elingenalo izintuli, libhekisela ekususweni kwezinhlayiya, umoya oyingozi, amagciwane nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya endaweni ethile, futhi izinga lokushisa elingaphakathi endlini, ukuhlanzeka, ingcindezi yasendlini, isivinini somoya nokusatshalaliswa komoya, umsindo, ukudlidliza, ukukhanya, nogesi ongashintshi kulawulwa ngaphakathi kwezidingo ezithile, futhi kunikezwa igumbi eliklanywe ngokukhethekile. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zomoya zangaphandle zishintsha kanjani, izakhiwo zayo zangaphakathi zingagcina izidingo ezibekwe ekuqaleni zokuhlanzeka, izinga lokushisa, umswakama nokucindezela.
Liyini igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi elingu-100000? Ukukubeka kalula, inani lezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungu-≥0.5 μm nge-cubic meter yomoya endaweni yokusebenzela alikho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.52. Isibalo sezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni sincipha, sincane inani lothuli nama-microorganisms, kanye nomoya ohlanzekile. Igumbi elihlanzekile lekilasi le-100000 lidinga ukuthi indawo yokusebenzela ukushintshanisa umoya izikhathi eziyi-15-19 ngehora, futhi isikhathi sokuhlanza umoya ngemuva kokushintshaniswa komoya okuphelele akufanele sidlule imizuzu engama-40.
2. Indawo yokuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokudla elihlanzekile
Ngokuvamile, igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla lingahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezintathu: indawo yokukhiqiza evamile, indawo ehlanzekile eyisizayo, nendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile.
(1). Indawo yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile (indawo engahlanzekile): impahla eluhlaza evamile, umkhiqizo ophelile, indawo yokugcina amathuluzi, indawo yokudlulisa umkhiqizo ophelile kanye nezinye izindawo ezinengozi ephansi yokuvezwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nemikhiqizo eqediwe, njengegumbi lokupakisha elingaphandle, indawo yokugcina impahla eluhlaza nesizayo, indawo yokugcina impahla yokupakisha, igumbi lokupakisha langaphandle, njll. Indawo yokusebenzela yokupakisha, indawo yokusebenzela yokupakisha, njll.
(2). Indawo ehlanzekile yokusiza: Izidingo zingezesibili, njengokucutshungulwa kwempahla eluhlaza, ukucubungula impahla yokupakisha, ukupakisha, igumbi le-buffer (igumbi lokukhumula), igumbi elijwayelekile lokukhiqiza nelokucubungula, igumbi lokupakisha elingakalungeli ukudliwa kanye nezinye izindawo lapho imikhiqizo eqediwe icutshungulwa khona kodwa ingavezwanga ngqo.
(3). Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile: ibhekisela endaweni enezidingo eziphakeme zemvelo ezihlanzekile, izisebenzi eziphezulu kanye nezidingo zemvelo, futhi kufanele ibulawe amagciwane futhi ishintshwe ngaphambi kokungena, njengalezi: izindawo zokucubungula lapho izinto ezingavuthiwe nemikhiqizo eqediwe ivezwa khona, amagumbi okucubungula abandayo okudla okudliwayo, namakamelo okupholisa ukudla osekulungele ukudliwa. Igumbi lokugcina lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa okuzopakishwa, igumbi lokupakisha langaphakathi lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa, njll.
① Igumbi elihlanzekile lokudla kufanele ligweme imithombo yokungcola, ukungcoliswa okunqamulayo, ukuxubana namaphutha ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu phakathi nokukhetha indawo, idizayini, isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kabusha.
②Indawo yefekthri ihlanzekile futhi icocekile, futhi ukugeleza kwabantu kanye nempahla kunengqondo.
③Kufanele kube nezinyathelo zokulawula ukufinyelela ezifanele ukuze kuvinjelwe abantu abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bangene.
④Londoloza idatha yokuqeda ukwakhiwa.
⑤ Izakhiwo ezinokungcoliswa komoya okubi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kufanele zakhiwe ohlangothini lokuya phansi kwefekthri lapho indlela yomoya inkulu kakhulu unyaka wonke.
⑥ Uma izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithintana zingafaneleki ukuba zibekwe esakhiweni esisodwa, kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ezifanele. Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo evutshiwe kufanele kube neshabhu elizinikele lokuvutshelwa.
3. Izidingo zezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile
① Izinqubo ezidinga ukuvala inzalo kodwa ezingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuvala inzalo ekugcineni kanye nezinqubo ezingafeza ukuvala inzalo esibulalayo kodwa zisetshenzwe ngemva kokuvala inzalo kufanele kwenziwe ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile.
② Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile enezidingo ezinhle zendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ihlanganise izindawo zokugcinwa kanye nokucubungula ukudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo eseyilungele ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo eqediwe ngaphambi kokupholisa kokugcina noma ukupakishwa, nezindawo zokucutshungulwa kwangaphambili kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezingakwazi ukuvalwa inzalo, ukuvalwa komkhiqizo, kanye nezindawo zokubumba, indawo evezwayo ngemva kokupakisha indawo yokugcina nenhlabathi. Igumbi lokupakisha, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula kanye namagumbi okuhlola ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zokudla noma ukulondolozwa, njll.
③Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ibekwe ngokuphusile ngokuya ngenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezimfuneko ezihambisanayo zebanga legumbi elihlanzekile. Isakhiwo somugqa wokukhiqiza akufanele sibangele ukuphambana nokunqanyulwa.
④ Amaworkshop ahlukene axhumene endaweni yokukhiqiza kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zezinhlobonhlobo nezinqubo. Uma kunesidingo, kufanele kuhlinzekwe amagumbi okuvimba kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvikela ukungcoliseka. Indawo yegumbi lebhafa akufanele ibe ngaphansi kwamamitha-skwele ama-3.
⑤ Ukucubungula ngaphambilini kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo oqediwe akumele kusetshenziswe indawo ehlanzekile efanayo.
⑥ Beka eceleni indawo nesikhala kuworkshop yokukhiqiza efanele isikali sokukhiqiza njengendawo yokugcina yesikhashana yezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo emaphakathi, imikhiqizo ezohlolwa kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe, kanye nokuphambana, ukudideka nokungcoliswa kufanele kuvinjwe ngokuqinile.
⑦ Igumbi lokuhlola kufanele lakhiwe ngokuzimela, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele ukubhekana nokukhipha igesi kanye nokukhipha amanzi. Uma kunezidingo ezihlanzekile emoyeni zenqubo yokuhlolwa komkhiqizo, kufanele kumiswe ibhentshi lokusebenzela elihlanzekile.
4. Izidingo zezinkomba zokuqapha ukuhlanzeka ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla
Indawo yokucubungula ukudla iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukuphepha kokudla. Ngakho-ke, i-Food Partner Network yenze ucwaningo nengxoxo ngaphakathi mayelana nezidingo zenkomba yokuqapha yokuhlanzeka komoya ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla.
(1). Izidingo zenhlanzeko kumazinga nemithethonqubo
Njengamanje, imithetho yokubuyekezwa kwelayisensi yokukhiqiza yeziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi inezidingo ezicacile zokuhlanzeka komoya ezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlanzekile. Imithetho Yokubuyekezwa Kwelayisense Yokukhiqiza Isiphuzo (inguqulo ka-2017) ibeka ukuthi ukuhlanzeka komoya (izinhlayiya ezimisiwe, amagciwane e-sedimentation) yendawo yokukhiqiza amanzi ahlanzekile ahlanganisiwe kufanele ifinyelele ekilasini le-10000 lapho i-static, futhi ingxenye yokugcwalisa kufanele ifinyelele isigaba se-100, noma ukuhlanzeka okuphelele kufanele kufinyelele isigaba se-1000; iziphuzo ze-carbohydrate Indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi imvamisa yokujikeleza komoya ingaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10/h; indawo yokusebenza yokuhlanza isiphuzo esiqinile inezidingo ezihlukene zokuhlanzeka komoya ngokusekelwe ezicini kanye nezidingo zenqubo yezinhlobo ezahlukene zeziphuzo eziqinile;
Ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zokusebenza zokuhlanza iziphuzo kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezihambisanayo zokuhlanzeka komoya. Ukuhlanzeka komoya lapho i-static kufanele ifinyelele okungenani izimfuneko zesigaba esingu-100000, njengokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokuphuza engaqondile njengoketshezi olugxilile (amajusi, ama-pulps) embonini yokudla, njll. Le mfuneko ingase iyekwe.
Imithetho yokubuyekezwa enemininingwane yezimo zelayisensi yokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yobisi (inguqulo ka-2010) kanye "Ne-National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Dairy Products" (GB12693) idinga ukuthi inani eliphelele lamakoloni amagciwane asemoyeni endaweni yokusebenza yokuhlanza ubisi kufanele lilawulwe ngaphansi kuka-30CFU/isitsha, futhi umbiko okhishwe yinkampani yezindiza ukuhambisa ukuhlolwa okunemininingwane. i-ejensi yokuhlola efanelekayo.
Ku- "National Food Safety Standard General Hygienic Specifications for Food Production" (GB 14881-2013) kanye neminye imininingwane yenhlanzeko yokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, izindawo zokugada amasampula, izinkomba zokuqapha kanye namaza okuqapha ama-microorganisms emvelo endaweni yokucubungula kuboniswa kakhulu ngendlela yezithasiselo, ezihlinzeka ngemikhombandlela yokukhiqiza ukudla.
Isibonelo, "I-National Food Safety Standard and Hygienic Code for Beverage Production" (GB 12695) incoma ukuhlanza umoya we-ambient (amagciwane okuxazulula ( Static)) ≤10 izingcezu/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Izidingo zokuqapha izinkomba zamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka
Ngokusho kolwazi olungenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi izidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya ngendlela evamile zihloselwe ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile. Ngokuvumelana ne I-GB14881 Implementation Guide: "Izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izindawo zokugcina nezokucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokupholisa kokugcina noma ukupakishwa kokudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo esekulungele ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo eqediwe, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwangaphambili kwempahla eluhlaza, ukubumba kanye nezindawo zokugcwalisa umkhiqizo wokudla okungeyona inzalo. Ukuvezwa kwezinye izindawo ngemuva kokupakisha ukudla nokupakisha ukudla ngaphambi kokupakisha ukudla. amasayithi anobungozi obukhulu bokungcola. ”
Imithetho enemininingwane kanye nezindinganiso zokubuyekezwa kweziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi idinga ngokucacile ukuthi izinkomba zokuqapha umoya we-ambient zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye nama-microorganisms, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqapha njalo ukuthi ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokusebenza yokuhlanza kusezingeni elifanele. I-GB 12695 kanye ne-GB 12693 idinga amagciwane e-sedimentation ukuba akalwe ngokwendlela yemvelo ye-sedimentation ku-GB/T 18204.3.
"Umkhuba Kazwelonke Wokuphepha Kokudla Okuhle Kokukhiqiza Ukudla Kwefomula Yezinjongo Zezokwelapha Ezikhethekile" (GB 29923) kanye "Nohlelo Lokubuyekeza Ukukhiqiza Lokudla Okunomsoco Ezemidlalo" olukhishwe yi-Beijing, Jiangsu nezinye izindawo lucacisa ukuthi isibalo sothuli (izinhlayiya ezimisiwe) silinganiswa ngokuvumelana ne-GB/T 16292. Isimo simile.
5. Lusebenza kanjani uhlelo lwegumbi elihlanzekile?
Imodi 1: Isimiso sokusebenza seyunithi yokubamba komoya + uhlelo lokuhlunga komoya + ukunikezwa komoya okuhlanzekile kwegumbi kanye namapayipi okufaka + amabhokisi e-HEPA + uhlelo lwepayipi lomoya oluhlanzekile lwegumbi lokubuya lujikeleza ngokuqhubekayo futhi lugcwalise umoya omusha endaweni yokusebenzela ehlanzekile yegumbi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanzeka okudingekayo kwendawo yokukhiqiza.
Imodi yesi-2: Umgomo wokusebenza wesihlanzi somoya semboni ye-FFU esifakwe ophahleni lweshabhu yegumbi elihlanzekile ukuze sinikeze umoya ngokuqondile egumbini elihlanzekile + uhlelo lomoya lokubuyisela + isifudumezi-moya esifakwe kusilingi ukuze siphole. Leli fomu ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwemvelo zingekho phezulu kakhulu, futhi izindleko ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Njengemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yokukhiqiza ukudla, amaphrojekthi ajwayelekile waselabhorethri angokwenyama namakhemikhali, amagumbi okupakisha imikhiqizo, ama-workshops okukhiqiza izimonyo, njll.
Ukukhethwa kwemiklamo ehlukene yokuhlinzekwa komoya kanye nezinhlelo zomoya zokubuyisela emakamelweni ahlanzekile kuyisici esinqumayo ekunqumeni amazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka kwamakamelo ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-19-2023