Igumbi lokuhlanza ukudla kudingeka lihlangabezane nezinga lokuhlanzeka komoya lekilasi elingu-100000. Ukwakhiwa kwegumbi lokuhlanza ukudla kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuwohloka nokukhula kwesikhunta semikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, kwandise impilo esebenzayo yokudla, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
1. Liyini igumbi elihlanzekile?
Igumbi elihlanzekile, elibizwa nangokuthi igumbi elihlanzekile elingenalo uthuli, libhekisela ekususweni kwezinhlayiya, umoya oyingozi, amabhaktheriya kanye nokunye ukungcola emoyeni ngaphakathi kwesikhala esithile, futhi izinga lokushisa langaphakathi, ukuhlanzeka, ingcindezi yangaphakathi, ijubane lomoya kanye nokusatshalaliswa komoya, umsindo, ukudlidliza, ukukhanya, kanye nogesi ongashintshi kulawulwa ngaphakathi kwezidingo ezithile, futhi kunikezwa igumbi eliklanywe ngokukhethekile. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zomoya zangaphandle zishintsha kanjani, izakhiwo zalo zangaphakathi zingagcina izidingo ezibekwe ekuqaleni zokuhlanzeka, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nengcindezi.
Iyini igumbi elihlanzekile leklasi 100000? Kalula nje, inani lezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungu-≥0.5 μm nge-cubic meter yomoya e-workshop alidluli ku-3.52 million. Uma inani lezinhlayiya emoyeni lincane, inani lothuli nama-microorganisms lincane, futhi umoya uhlanzekile. Igumbi elihlanzekile leklasi 100000 lidinga ukuthi i-workshop ishintshe umoya izikhathi ezingu-15-19 ngehora, futhi isikhathi sokuhlanza umoya ngemva kokushintshana komoya okuphelele akufanele sidlule imizuzu engu-40.
2. Ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo yegumbi lokuhlanza ukudla
Ngokuvamile, igumbi lokuhlanza ukudla lingahlukaniswa cishe libe yizindawo ezintathu: indawo yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile, indawo yokuhlanza eyisizayo, kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile.
(1). Indawo yokukhiqiza evamile (indawo engahlanzekile): izinto zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile, umkhiqizo oqediwe, indawo yokugcina amathuluzi, indawo yokudlulisa umkhiqizo oqediwe opakishiwe kanye nezinye izindawo ezinengozi ephansi yokudalulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe, njengegumbi lokupakisha langaphandle, indawo yokugcina impahla eluhlaza kanye neyokusiza, indawo yokugcina impahla yokupakisha, igumbi lokupakisha langaphandle, njll. Indawo yokupakisha, indawo yokugcina impahla yomkhiqizo oqediwe, njll.
(2). Indawo yokuhlanza ewusizo: Izidingo zesibili, njengokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukucubungula izinto zokupakisha, ukupakisha, igumbi lokuphumula (igumbi lokukhipha izinto), igumbi lokukhiqiza nokucubungula elijwayelekile, igumbi lokupakisha ukudla okungakakulungeli ukudliwa kanye nezinye izindawo lapho imikhiqizo eqediwe icutshungulwa khona kodwa ingadalulwanga ngqo.
(3). Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile: ibhekisela endaweni enezidingo eziphezulu kakhulu zemvelo yokuhlanzeka, izidingo eziphezulu zabasebenzi kanye nezemvelo, futhi kumele ihlanzwe futhi ishintshwe ngaphambi kokungena, njenge: izindawo zokucubungula lapho izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo eseqediwe ivezwa khona, amakamelo okucubungula abandayo okudla okudliwayo, kanye namakamelo okupholisa okudla okulungele ukudliwa. Indawo yokugcina ukudla okulungele ukudliwa okupakishwayo, igumbi lokupakisha elingaphakathi lokudla okulungele ukudliwa, njll.
① Igumbi lokuhlanza ukudla kufanele ligweme imithombo yokungcola, ukungcola okuxubile, ukuxubana kanye namaphutha ngezinga elikhulu ngesikhathi sokukhetha indawo, ukuklama, ukuhlela, ukwakha kanye nokuvuselela.
②Indawo yefektri ihlanzekile futhi icocekile, futhi ukuhamba kwabantu kanye nempahla kuyafaneleka.
③Kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezifanele zokulawula ukufinyelela ukuze kuvinjelwe abantu abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bangene.
④Londoloza idatha yokwakha kanye nokuqedwa kokwakhiwa.
⑤ Izakhiwo ezinomoya ongcolile kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza kufanele zakhiwe ohlangothini lomoya oluya phansi endaweni yefektri lapho umoya uqondiswa khona kakhulu unyaka wonke.
⑥ Uma izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithintana zingafaneleki ukufakwa esakhiweni esifanayo, kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ezifanele. Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ebilisiwe kufanele kube ne-workshop yokubilisa ezinikele.
3. Izidingo zezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile
① Izinqubo ezidinga ukungabi namagciwane kodwa ezingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukubulala amagciwane ekugcineni kanye nezinqubo ezingafeza ukubulala amagciwane ekugcineni kodwa ezisebenza ngendlela engenamagciwane ngemva kokubulala amagciwane kufanele zenziwe ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile.
② Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile enezidingo ezinhle zendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ifake izindawo zokugcina nokucubungula ukudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo esekulungele ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo eqediwe ngaphambi kokupholisa noma ukupakisha kokugcina, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingahlanzwa ngokuphelele, ukuvala umkhiqizo, kanye nezindawo zokubumba, indawo yokuchayeka ngemva kokuhlanza kokugcina umkhiqizo, indawo yokulungiselela izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi kanye negumbi lokupakisha langaphakathi, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula namagumbi okuhlola okukhiqiza ukudla, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zokudla noma ukulondolozwa, njll.
③Indawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kufanele ibekwe ngendlela efanele ngokwenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zezinga legumbi elihlanzekile ezihambisanayo. Ukuhlelwa komugqa wokukhiqiza akufanele kubangele ukuphambana kanye nokungaqhubeki.
④ Izindawo zokusebenzela ezihlukene ezixhumene endaweni yokukhiqiza kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zezinhlobo nezinqubo. Uma kudingeka, kufanele kuhlinzekwe amakamelo okugcina izinto kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvimbela ukungcola okuxubile. Indawo yegumbi lokulondoloza izinto akufanele ibe ngaphansi kwamamitha-skwele amathathu.
⑤ Ukucubungula izinto ezingavuthiwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo oqediwe akufanele kusetshenziswe indawo efanayo ehlanzekile.
⑥ Beka eceleni indawo nendawo endaweni yokukhiqiza efanelekela isikali sokukhiqiza njengendawo yokugcina yesikhashana yezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo ephakathi nendawo, imikhiqizo ezohlolwa kanye nemikhiqizo ezoqedwa, futhi ukuwela, ukudideka kanye nokungcola kufanele kuvinjelwe ngokuqinile.
⑦Igumbi lokuhlola kufanele lihlelwe ngokuzimela, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele zokubhekana nokukhishwa kwalo komoya kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi. Uma kunezidingo zokuhlanza umoya ngenqubo yokuhlola umkhiqizo, kufanele kubekwe ibhentshi lokusebenzela elihlanzekile.
4. Izidingo zezinkomba zokuqapha ukuhlanzeka ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla
Indawo yokucubungula ukudla iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukuphepha kokudla. Ngakho-ke, i-Food Partner Network yenze ucwaningo lwangaphakathi kanye nengxoxo ngezidingo zokuqapha ukuhlanzeka komoya ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla.
(1). Izidingo zokuhlanzeka ezindinganisweni nasezimithethweni
Njengamanje, imithetho yokubuyekezwa kwelayisensi yokukhiqiza yeziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi inezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya ohlanzekile ezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlanzekile. Imithetho Yokubuyekezwa Kwelayisensi Yokukhiqiza Iziphuzo (inguqulo ka-2017) ibeka ukuthi ukuhlanzeka komoya (izinhlayiya ezimisiwe, amabhaktheriya e-sedimentation) kwendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile yamanzi okuphuza apakishiwe kufanele kufinyelele esigabeni 10000 uma kunganyakazi, kanti ingxenye yokugcwalisa kufanele ifinyelele esigabeni 1000, noma ukuhlanzeka okuphelele kufanele kufinyelele esigabeni 1000; iziphuzo ze-carbohydrate Indawo yokusebenza ehlanzekile kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi imvamisa yokujikeleza komoya ingaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10/ihora; indawo yokusebenza yokuhlanza iziphuzo eziqinile inezidingo ezahlukene zokuhlanzeka komoya ngokusekelwe ezicini nasezidingweni zenqubo yezinhlobo ezahlukene zeziphuzo eziqinile;
Ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlanza iziphuzo kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya ezifanele. Ukuhlanzeka komoya uma kungashintshi kufanele kufinyelele okungenani izidingo zesigaba esingu-100000, njengokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokuphuza engaqondile njengoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe (amajusi, ama-pulps) embonini yokudla, njll. Lesi sidingo singasuswa.
Imithetho yokubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe yemibandela yelayisensi yokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yobisi (inguqulo ka-2010) kanye ne-"National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Dairy Products" (GB12693) idinga ukuthi inani eliphelele lamakholoni amabhaktheriya emoyeni endaweni yokusebenza yokuhlanza ubisi kufanele lilawulwe ngaphansi kuka-30CFU/isitsha, futhi imithetho eningiliziwe idinga nokuthi amabhizinisi athumele umbiko wonyaka wokuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka komoya okhishwe yi-ejensi yokuhlola efanelekile.
Ku-"National Food Safety Standard General Hygienic Specifications for Food Production" (GB 14881-2013) kanye neminye imininingwane yokuhlanzeka kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, amaphuzu okuqapha amasampula, izinkomba zokuqapha kanye nezikhathi zokuqapha ama-microorganisms emvelo endaweni yokucubungula kubonakala kakhulu ngesimo sezithasiselo, okunikeza izinkampani Zokukhiqiza Ukudla iziqondiso zokuqapha.
Isibonelo, i-"National Food Safety Standard and Hygienic Code for Beverage Production" (GB 12695) incoma ukuhlanza umoya ozungezile (ukuxazulula amagciwane (Static)) ≤10 pieces/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Izidingo zokuqapha izinkomba zamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka
Ngokusho kolwazi olungenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi izidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya ngendlela ejwayelekile zihloselwe kakhulu izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile. Ngokusho koMhlahlandlela Wokusebenza we-GB14881: "Izindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile zivame ukufaka izindawo zokugcina nokucubungula ngaphambi kokupholisa kokugcina noma ukupakisha ukudla okonakalayo, imikhiqizo eseqediwe ukudliwa noma imikhiqizo esiqediwe, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula izinto ezingavuthiwe, ukubumba kanye nokugcwalisa umkhiqizo kokudla okungewona amagciwane. Izindawo zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokudla zingena endaweni yokupakisha ngemva kokuhlanza, kanye nezinye izindawo zokucubungula nokuphatha ukudla ezinezingozi ezinkulu zokungcola."
Imithetho nezindinganiso ezinemininingwane zokubuyekezwa kweziphuzo nemikhiqizo yobisi zidinga ngokusobala ukuthi izinkomba zokuqapha umoya ozungezile zifaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezilengayo kanye nama-microorganisms, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqapha njalo ukuthi ukuhlanzeka kwendawo yokuhlanza kuhambisana nezinga elijwayelekile. I-GB 12695 kanye ne-GB 12693 zidinga ukuthi amabhaktheriya e-sedimentation alinganiswe ngokwendlela yemvelo ye-sedimentation ku-GB/T 18204.3.
I-"National Food Safety Standard Good Manufacturing Practice for Formula Foods for Special Medical Purposes" (GB 29923) kanye ne-"Production Review Plan for Sports Nutritional Foods" ekhishwe yiBeijing, Jiangsu nakwezinye izindawo icacisa ukuthi inani lothuli (izinhlayiya ezilengayo) lilinganiswa ngokuhambisana ne-GB/T 16292. Isimo asiguquki.
5. Lusebenza kanjani uhlelo lokuhlanza igumbi?
Imodi 1: Isimiso sokusebenza seyunithi yokuphatha umoya + uhlelo lokuhlunga umoya + imigudu yokunikeza umoya ehlanzekile yegumbi kanye neyokufudumeza + amabhokisi e-HEPA + uhlelo lwemigudu yomoya yokubuyisela umoya ehlanzekile lujikeleza njalo futhi lugcwalisa umoya omusha endaweni yokusebenzela ehlanzekile yegumbi ukuze kufezwe ukuhlanzeka okudingekayo kwendawo yokukhiqiza.
Imodi 2: Umgomo wokusebenza we-FFU air purifier yezimboni efakwe ophahleni lwe-workshop yegumbi elihlanzekile ukuze inikeze umoya ngqo egumbini elihlanzekile + uhlelo lomoya olubuyayo + i-air conditioner efakwe ophahleni ukuze iphole. Leli fomu livame ukusetshenziswa ezimweni lapho izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwemvelo zingephezulu kakhulu, futhi izindleko ziphansi kakhulu. Njengezindawo zokusebenzela zokukhiqiza ukudla, amaphrojekthi ajwayelekile elabhorethri angokwenyama namakhemikhali, amakamelo okupakisha imikhiqizo, izindawo zokusebenzela zokukhiqiza izimonyo, njll.
Ukukhethwa kwemiklamo ehlukene yokunikezwa komoya kanye nezinhlelo zomoya ezibuyayo emakamelweni ahlanzekile kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni amazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka kwamakamelo ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-19-2023