Umqondo wegumbi lokuhlanza
Ukuhlanzwa: kubhekisela ohlelweni lokususa izinto ezingcolisayo ukuze kutholakale inhlanzeko edingekayo.
Air purification: Isenzo sokukhipha ukungcola emoyeni ukuze umoya uhlanzeke.
Izinhlayiya: izinto eziqinile neziwuketshezi ezinosayizi ojwayelekile we-0.001 kuya ku-1000μm.
Izinhlayiya ezimisiwe: izinhlayiya eziqinile neziwuketshezi ezinobubanzi obuyi-0.1 kuya ku-5μm emoyeni ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ukuhlanzeka komoya.
Ukuhlolwa okungaguquki: ukuhlolwa okwenziwa lapho isistimu ye-air conditioning ye-cleanroom isebenza ngokujwayelekile, imishini yenqubo ifakiwe, futhi abekho abasebenzi abakhiqizayo egumbini elihlanzekile.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dynamic: ukuhlolwa okwenziwa lapho igumbi lokuhlanza likhiqizwa okuvamile.
Inzalo: ukungabi bikho kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuvala inzalo: indlela yokufinyelela isimo esingenalutho. Umehluko phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile negumbi elinomoya opholile elivamile. Amakamelo ahlanzekile kanye namakamelo ajwayelekile ane-air-conditioner yizikhala lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwenziwa ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kugcinwe indawo yomoya efinyelela izinga elithile lokushisa, umswakama, isivinini sokugeleza komoya kanye nokuhlanzwa komoya. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili umi kanje:
Igumbi elihlanzekile igumbi elinomoya opholile
Izinhlayiya ezilengisiwe zomoya wasendlini kufanele zilawulwe. Izinga lokushisa, umswakama, isivinini sokugeleza komoya kanye nevolumu yomoya kufanele kufinyelele imvamisa ethile yokungena komoya (igumbi elihlanzekile lokugeleza kwe-unidirectional izikhathi ezingama-400-600/h, igumbi elihlanzekile elingajwayelekile izikhathi eziyi-15-60/h).
Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lincishiswa izikhathi ezingu-8-10/h. Ukungena komoya kuyigumbi lokushisa elingashintshi izikhathi eziyi-10-15/h. Ngaphezu kokuqapha izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, ukuhlanzeka kufanele kuhlolwe njalo. Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kufanele kuhlolwe njalo. Ukunikezwa komoya kufanele kudlule ekuhlungeni okunezigaba ezintathu, futhi isiphetho kufanele sisebenzise izihlungi zomoya ze-hepa. Sebenzisa imishini yokushintshanisa okuyisisekelo, okuphakathi nendawo kanye nokushisa kanye nomswakama. Igumbi elihlanzekile kufanele libe nengcindezi ethile enhle engu-≥10Pa yendawo ezungezile. Kukhona ingcindezi enhle, kodwa asikho isidingo sokulinganisa. Abasebenzi abangenayo kufanele bashintshe izicathulo ezikhethekile nezingubo ezingenalutho futhi badlule eshaweni yomoya. Hlukanisa ukuhamba kwabantu kanye nempahla.
Izinhlayiya ezimisiwe: ngokuvamile zibhekisela ezinhlayiyeni eziqinile neziwuketshezi ezilengiswe emoyeni, futhi ububanzi bezinhlayiyana zayo bungaba ngu-0.1 kuya ku-5μm. Ukuhlanzeka: okusetshenziselwa ukuveza usayizi nenani lezinhlayiya eziqukethwe emoyeni ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhala, okuyindinganiso yokuhlukanisa ukuhlanzeka kwendawo.
I-Airlock: Igumbi le-buffer elimiswe ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwegumbi elihlanzekile ukuze kuvinjwe ukugeleza komoya ongcolile kanye nokulawula umehluko wengcindezi emakamelweni angaphandle noma aseduze.
Ishawa yomoya: Uhlobo lwe-airlock olusebenzisa amafeni, izihlungi, namasistimu okulawula ukushaya umoya eduze kwabantu abangena egumbini. Kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukungcola kwangaphandle.
Izingubo zokusebenza ezihlanzekile: Izingubo ezihlanzekile ngothuli oluncane olusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izinhlayiya ezikhiqizwa abasebenzi.
Isihlungi somoya se-Hepa: Isihlungi somoya esinamandla okuthwebula angaphezu kuka-99.9% wezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obukhulu noma obulingana no-0.3μm kanye nokumelana nokugeleza komoya okungaphansi kuka-250Pa ngevolumu yomoya elinganiselwe.
Isihlungi somoya se-Ultra-hepa: Isihlungi somoya esikwazi ukuthwebula okungaphezu kuka-99.999% kwezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungu-0.1 kuye ku-0.2μm kanye nokumelana nokugeleza komoya okungaphansi kuka-280Pa ngevolumu yomoya elinganiselwe.
Ishabhu yokusebenzela ehlanzekile: Yakhiwe nge-air conditioning emaphakathi nohlelo lokuhlanza umoya, futhi iyinhliziyo yesistimu yokuhlanza, isebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujwayelekile kwemingcele ehlukahlukene. Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa nokuswakama: Ishabhu yokusebenzela ehlanzekile iyisidingo semvelo se-GMP samabhizinisi emithi, futhi uhlelo lwe-cleanroom air conditioning (HVAC) luyisiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo sokuzuza indawo yokuhlanza. I-Cleanroom central air conditioning system ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: I-DC air conditioning system: umoya wangaphandle oye welashwa futhi ongahlangabezana nezidingo zesikhala uthunyelwa ekamelweni, bese wonke umoya ukhishwa. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-full exhaust system, esetshenziselwa ama-workshops anezidingo ezikhethekile zenqubo. Indawo ekhiqiza uthuli esitezi sesine seshabhu ekhona ingeyalolu hlobo, njengendawo yokomisa i-granulation, indawo yokugcwalisa ithebhulethi, indawo yokumboza, indawo yokuchoboza kanye nesisindo. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokusebenzela ikhiqiza uthuli oluningi, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-DC air conditioning. I-Recirculation air conditioning system: okungukuthi, ukunikezwa komoya kwegumbi elihlanzekile kuyingxube yengxenye yomoya ohlanzekile wangaphandle olashiwe kanye nengxenye yomoya obuyayo ovela endaweni yegumbi elihlanzekile. Umthamo womoya ohlanzekile wangaphandle uvame ukubalwa njengo-30% wevolumu yomoya ophelele egumbini elihlanzekile, futhi kufanele futhi uhlangabezane nesidingo sokunxephezela umoya okhipha umoya ophuma ekamelweni. I-recirculation ihlukaniswe yaba umoya wokuqala wokubuya kanye nomoya wokubuya wesibili. Umehluko phakathi komoya obuyayo oyinhloko nomoya wesibili obuyayo: Kuhlelo lwesiphephetha-moya segumbi elihlanzekile, umoya obuyayo oyinhloko ubhekisela emoyeni obuyayo ongaphakathi kuqala oxutshwe nomoya ohlanzekile, bese ulashwa ngesipholile esingaphezulu (noma ikamelo lokufutha ngamanzi) ukuze ufinyelele isimo sendawo yomshini, bese ushiswa ngesifudumezi sokuqala ukuze ufinyelele esimweni sokuphakelwa komoya (ukuthola izinga lokushisa elingashintshi kanye nesistimu yomswakama). Indlela yesibili yokubuya komoya eyokuthi umoya obuyayo oyinhloko uxutshwa nomoya ohlanzekile bese uphathwa ngesipholile esingaphezulu (noma i-water spray room) ukuze ufinyelele endaweni yomshini wokukhipha amazolo, bese uxutshwa nomoya obuyayo wasendlini kanye, futhi isimo sokuphakelwa komoya wangaphakathi singafinyelelwa ngokulawula isilinganiso sokuxutshwa (ikakhulukazi uhlelo lokususa umswakama).
Ukucindezela okuhle: Ngokuvamile, amagumbi ahlanzekile adinga ukugcina ingcindezi enhle ukuze avimbele ukungcola kwangaphandle ukuthi kungangeni, futhi kusiza ekuphumeni kothuli lwangaphakathi. Inani lokucindezela okuhle ngokuvamile lilandela imiklamo emibili elandelayo: 1) Umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwamagumbi ahlanzekile amazinga ahlukene naphakathi kwezindawo ezihlanzekile nezindawo ezingahlanzekile akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-5Pa; 2) Umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwamashabhu ahlanzekile angaphakathi nangaphandle akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-10Pa, ngokuvamile u-10~20Pa. (1Pa=1N/m2) Ngokokucaciswa "kwe-Cleanroom Design", ukukhethwa kwempahla yesakhiwo sokunakekela segumbi lokuhlanza kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokufakwa kwe-thermal, ukwahlukanisa ukushisa, ukuvimbela umlilo, ukumelana nomswakama, nothuli oluncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidingo zokushisa nomswakama, ukulawulwa komehluko wengcindezi, ukugeleza komoya kanye nevolumu yokuphakelwa komoya, ukungena nokuphuma kwabantu, nokwelashwa kokuhlanzwa komoya kuyahlelwa futhi kusetshenziswane ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lwegumbi lokuhlanza.
- Izimfuneko zokushisa nomswakama
Izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wegumbi lokuhlanza kufanele uhambisane nezidingo zokukhiqiza zomkhiqizo, futhi indawo yokukhiqiza yomkhiqizo kanye nokunethezeka komsebenzisi kufanele kuqinisekiswe. Uma zingekho izidingo ezikhethekile zokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, izinga lokushisa legumbi lokuhlanza lingalawulwa ku-18-26 ℃ futhi umswakama ohlobene ungalawulwa ku-45-65%. Uma kucatshangelwa ukulawulwa okuqinile kokungcoliswa kwe-microbial endaweni eyinhloko yokusebenza kwe-aseptic, kunezidingo ezikhethekile zezingubo zabaqhubi kule ndawo. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wendawo ehlanzekile kunganqunywa ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezikhethekile zenqubo kanye nomkhiqizo.
- Ukulawula umehluko wengcindezi
Ukuze ugweme ukuhlanzeka kwekamelo elihlanzekile ekungcolisweni yikamelo eliseduze, ukugeleza komoya eduze kwezikhala zesakhiwo (izikhala zeminyango, ukungena odongeni, imigudu, njll.) ngendlela ecacisiwe kunganciphisa ukujikeleza kwezinhlayiya eziyingozi. Indlela yokulawula isiqondiso sokugeleza komoya ukulawula ukucindezela kwesikhala esiseduze. I-GMP idinga umehluko wengcindezi olinganisekayo (DP) okufanele ugcinwe phakathi kwegumbi elihlanzekile nesikhala esiseduze ngokuhlanzeka okuphansi. Inani le-DP phakathi kwamazinga omoya ahlukene ku-GMP yaseChina libekwe ukuthi lingabi ngaphansi kuka-10Pa, futhi umehluko wengcindezi omuhle noma ongemuhle kufanele ugcinwe ngokuvumelana nezidingo zenqubo.
- Iphethini yokugeleza komoya kanye nenani lokuphakelwa komoya inhlangano enengqondo yokugeleza komoya ingenye yeziqinisekiso ezibalulekile zokuvikela ukungcoliswa nokungcoliswa kwezindawo endaweni ehlanzekile. Inhlangano enengqondo yokugeleza komoya ukwenza umoya wegumbi ohlanzekile othunyelwe ungene ngokushesha nangokulinganayo noma usakazwe kuyo yonke indawo ehlanzekile, unciphise imisinga ye-eddy namakhona afile, unciphise uthuli namagciwane akhishwa ukungcola kwangaphakathi, futhi uwakhiphe ngokushesha nangempumelelo, unciphise amathuba okuba uthuli namagciwane angcolise umkhiqizo, futhi agcine igumbi lihlanzekile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bulawula ukugxila kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emkhathini, futhi umthamo womoya olethwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile mkhulu kakhulu kunalokho odingwa ngamakamelo ajwayelekile ane-air-conditioning, ifomu layo lenhlangano ye-airflow lihluke kakhulu kubo. Iphethini yokugeleza komoya ihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko izigaba ezintathu:
- Ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional: ukugeleza komoya okunemigqa ehambisanayo endaweni eyodwa kanye nesivinini somoya esingaguquki esigabeni esiphambanayo; (Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional eqondile kanye nokugeleza kwe-unidirectional evundlile.)
- Ukugeleza okungaqondile: kubhekisela ekugelezeni komoya okungahlangabezani nencazelo yokugeleza okukodwa.
3. Ukugeleza okuxubile: ukugeleza komoya okuhlanganisa ukugeleza okukodwa kanye nokugeleza okungaqondile. Ngokuvamile, ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional kugeleza ngokushelelayo kusuka ohlangothini lokuhlinzeka komoya wasendlini kuya ohlangothini lwalo lomoya olubuyayo oluhambisanayo, futhi ukuhlanzeka kungafinyelela esigabeni se-100. Ukuhlanzeka kwamakamelo ahlanzekile angenawo wonke ama-unidirectional kuphakathi kwekilasi le-1,000 ne-class 100,000, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwamakamelo ahlanzekile okugeleza okuxubile kungafinyelela isigaba se-100 kwezinye izindawo. Kuhlelo lokugeleza oluvundlile, ukugeleza komoya kugeleza kusuka odongeni olulodwa kuya kolunye. Kuhlelo lokugeleza okume mpo, ukugeleza komoya kugeleza kusuka ophahleni kuya phansi. Isimo sokungenisa umoya segumbi elihlanzekile ngokuvamile singavezwa ngendlela enembile ngokuthi "imvamisa yokushintsha komoya": "ukushintsha komoya" umthamo womoya ongena esikhaleni ngehora uhlukaniswe umthamo wesikhala. Ngenxa yevolumu ehlukene yokuhlinzeka komoya ohlanzekile othunyelwa ekamelweni elihlanzekile, ukuhlanzeka kwekamelo nakho kuhlukile. Ngokusho kwezibalo zethiyori kanye nesipiliyoni esisebenzayo, isipiliyoni esijwayelekile sezikhathi zokungenisa umoya kanje, njengesilinganiso sokuqala sevolumu yokuhlinzeka komoya egumbini elihlanzekile: 1) Ekilasini le-100,000, izikhathi zokungenisa umoya ngokuvamile zingaphezu kwezikhathi ze-15 / ihora; 2) Ekilasini le-10,000, izikhathi zokungenisa umoya ngokuvamile zingaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-25 / ihora; 3) Ekilasini le-1000, izikhathi zokungenisa umoya ngokuvamile zingaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-50/ihora; 4) Ekilasini le-100, ivolumu yokuhlinzeka komoya ibalwa ngokusekelwe ku-air supply cross-sectional wind speed engu-0.2-0.45m/s. Umklamo womthamo womoya onengqondo uyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwendawo ehlanzekile. Nakuba ukwandisa inani lokungena komoya ekamelweni kunenzuzo ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlanzeka, umthamo womoya owedlulele uzodala ukumosheka kwamandla. Ileveli yokuhlanzeka komoya inani eliphakeme elivumelekile lezinhlayiya zothuli (esimile) inani eliphakeme elivumelekile lama-microorganisms (static) imvamisa yokukhipha umoya (ngehora)
4. Ukungena nokuphuma kwabantu nezinto
Ukuze uthole izingidi zegumbi ezihlanzekile, ngokuvamile zisethwa emnyango nasekuphumeni kwegumbi elihlanzekile ukuze kuvinjwe ukugeleza komoya ongcolile kwangaphandle nokulawula umehluko wengcindezi. Igumbi lebhafa lilungisiwe. Lawa magumbi edivayisi axhumene alawula indawo yokungena nokuphuma ngeminyango eminingana, futhi ahlinzeka ngezindawo zokugqoka/zokukhipha izingubo ezihlanzekile, ukubulala amagciwane, ukuhlanzwa nokunye ukusebenza. Ama-interlock kagesi ajwayelekile kanye nezingidi zomoya.
Ibhokisi lokudlula: Ukungena nokuphuma kwezinto egumbini elihlanzekile kufaka phakathi ibhokisi lokudlula, njll. Lezi zingxenye zidlala indima yokuvimbela ekudluliselweni kwezinto phakathi kwendawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile. Iminyango yabo emibili ayikwazi ukuvulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umoya wangaphandle awukwazi ukungena futhi uphume endaweni yokusebenzela lapho izinto zilethwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhokisi lokudlula elifakwe idivayisi yesibani se-ultraviolet alikwazi nje ukugcina ingcindezi enhle ekamelweni elizinzile, livimbele ukungcola, lihlangabezane nezidingo ze-GMP, kodwa futhi libambe iqhaza ekubulaleni inzalo nasekubulaleni amagciwane.
Ishawa yomoya: Igumbi leshawa yomoya liyiphaseji lempahla yokungena nokuphuma egumbini elihlanzekile futhi lidlala indima yegumbi elivaliwe elivaliwe. Ukuze kuncishiswe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya zothuli ezilethwa izimpahla ezingenayo neziphumayo, ukugeleza komoya ohlanzekile okuhlungwe isihlungi se-hepa kufafazwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngombhobho ophenduphendukayo uye empahleni, ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokushesha ususe izinhlayiya zothuli. Uma kukhona ishawa yomoya, kufanele ishaywe futhi ishawe ngokulandela imithetho ngaphambi kokungena endaweni yokusebenzela engenazo izintuli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, landela ngokuqinile izincazelo kanye nezidingo zokusebenzisa ishawa yomoya.
- Ukwelashwa kokuhlanza umoya nezici zayo
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza umoya buwubuchwepheshe obuphelele bokudala indawo yomoya ehlanzekile kanye nokuqinisekisa nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ikakhulukazi ukuhlunga izinhlayiya ezisemoyeni ukuze kutholwe umoya ohlanzekile, bese kugeleza ngendlela efanayo ngesivinini esilinganayo noma ngokuma mpo, futhi kugezwe umoya ngezinhlayiya eziwuzungezile, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuhlanza umoya. Uhlelo lwe-air conditioning lwegumbi elihlanzekile kufanele lube uhlelo lwe-air conditioning oluhlanzekile olunezinyathelo ezintathu zokwelapha zokuhlunga: isihlungi esiyinhloko, isihlungi esiphakathi nesihlungi se-hepa. Qinisekisa ukuthi umoya othunyelwe ekamelweni ungumoya ohlanzekile futhi unganciphisa umoya ongcolile ekamelweni. Isihlungi esiyinhloko sifaneleka kakhulu ukuhlungwa okuyisisekelo kwesimo somoya kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya futhi sibuyisele ukuhlunga komoya emakamelweni ahlanzekile. Isihlungi sakhiwe ngemicu yokwenziwa kanye ne-galvanized iron. Ingakwazi ukunqanda ngempumelelo izinhlayiya zothuli ngaphandle kokwenza ukumelana okukhulu nokugeleza komoya. Imicu elukiwe ngokungahleliwe yenza izithiyo ezingenakubalwa ezinhlayiyeni, futhi indawo ebanzi phakathi kwemicu ivumela ukugeleza komoya ukuba kudlule kahle ukuze kuvikelwe izinga elilandelayo lezihlungi ohlelweni kanye nohlelo ngokwalo. Kunezimo ezimbili zokugeleza komoya wasendlini oyinyumba: eyodwa i-laminar (okungukuthi, zonke izinhlayiya ezimisiwe ekamelweni zigcinwa kungqimba lwe-laminar); enye ayiyona i-laminar (okungukuthi, ukugeleza komoya wasendlini kuyanyakaza). Emakamelweni amaningi ahlanzekile, ukugeleza komoya wangaphakathi akuyona i-laminar (i-turbulent), engakwazi nje ukuxuba ngokushesha izinhlayiya ezimisiwe ezifakwe emoyeni, kodwa futhi zenze izinhlayiya ezimile ekamelweni ziphinde zindize, futhi umoya othile ungaphinde umile.
6. Ukuvimbela umlilo kanye nokukhishwa kwama-workshops ahlanzekile
1) Izinga lokumelana nomlilo lamashabhu ahlanzekile akumele libe ngaphansi kwezinga lesi-2;
2) Ingozi yomlilo yama-workshops okukhiqiza ezindaweni zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile izohlukaniswa futhi isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nezinga likazwelonke lamanje "Ikhodi Yokuvimbela Umlilo Wokuklama Isakhiwo".
3) Isilingi kanye namaphaneli odonga ekamelo elihlanzekile akumele ashise, futhi izinto eziyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo akufanele zisetshenziswe. Umkhawulo wokumelana nomlilo wophahla akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-0.4h, futhi umkhawulo wokumelana nomlilo wophahla lwephaseji yokuphuma akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-1.0h.
4) Esakhiweni sefekthri esibanzi esisendaweni yomlilo, izinyathelo zokwahlukanisa umzimba ezingashi zizobekwa phakathi kwendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza okuvamile. Umkhawulo wokumelana nomlilo wodonga lokuhlukanisa kanye nophahla oluhambisanayo akufanele kube ngaphansi kwe-1h. Izinto ezingashi noma ezingashi zizosetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ngokuqinile amapayipi adlula odongeni noma ophahleni;
5) Izindlela zokuphuma zokuphepha zizohlakazwa, futhi akumele kube nemizila ehlukumezayo esuka endaweni yokukhiqiza eya endaweni ephumayo yokuphepha, futhi izimpawu zokuphuma ezisobala zizosethwa.
6) Umnyango wokuphuma ophephile oxhuma indawo ehlanzekile nendawo engahlanzekile kanye nendawo ehlanzekile ngaphandle uzovulwa lapho kuphuma khona. Umnyango wokuphuma ophephile akufanele ube umnyango omisiwe, umnyango okhethekile, umnyango oshelelayo oseceleni noma umnyango ozenzakalelayo kagesi. Udonga lwangaphandle lweshabhu elihlanzekile kanye nendawo ehlanzekile esitezi esisodwa kufanele kufakwe izicabha namafasitela ukuze izicishamlilo zingene endaweni ehlanzekile yendawo yokusebenzela, futhi indawo yokuphuma yomlilo ekhethekile kufanele ibekwe endaweni efanele yodonga lwangaphandle.
Incazelo yeshabhu ye-GMP: I-GMP isifinyezo se-Good Production Practice. Okuqukethwe kwayo okuyinhloko ukubeka phambili izidingo eziyisibopho zokufaneleka kwenqubo yokukhiqiza yebhizinisi, ukusebenza kwemishini yokukhiqiza, nokunemba kanye nokumiswa kwemisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Isitifiketi se-GMP sisho inqubo lapho uhulumeni kanye neminyango ethintekayo behlela ukuhlolwa kwazo zonke izici zebhizinisi, njengabasebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa, izindawo zezitshalo, indawo yokukhiqiza, izimo zenhlanzeko, ukuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuphathwa kokukhiqiza, ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi, nokuphathwa kokuthengisa, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ziyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zokulawula. I-GMP idinga ukuthi abakhiqizi bomkhiqizo babe nezinto ezinhle zokukhiqiza, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezifanele, ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi ephelele kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola eziqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina ihlangabezana nezidingo zemithetho. Ukukhiqizwa kweminye imikhiqizo kufanele kwenziwe kuma-workshops aqinisekisiwe we-GMP. Ukusebenzisa i-GMP, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukisa imiqondo yesevisi kuyisisekelo nomthombo wokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo ngaphansi kwezimo zomnotho wemakethe. Ukungcoliswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile nokulawula kwakho: Incazelo yokungcola: Ukungcola kubhekisela kuzo zonke izinto ezingenasidingo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyimpahla noma amandla, inqobo nje uma kungeyona ingxenye yomkhiqizo, akudingekile ukuba khona futhi kuthinte ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Kunemithombo emine eyisisekelo yokungcola: 1. Izinsiza (uphahla, phansi, udonga); 2. Amathuluzi, izinto zokusebenza; 3. Abasebenzi; 4. Imikhiqizo. Qaphela: Ukungcola okuncane kungalinganiswa ngama-microns, okungukuthi: 1000μm=1mm. Ngokuvamile singabona kuphela izinhlayiya zothuli ezinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphezu kuka-50μm, futhi izinhlayiya zothuli ezingaphansi kuka-50μm zingabonakala kuphela ngesibonakhulu. Ukungcola kwegumbi elihlanzekile le-microbial livela ikakhulukazi ezicini ezimbili: ukungcoliswa komzimba womuntu kanye nokungcoliswa kwesistimu yamathuluzi eshabhu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zomzimba, umzimba womuntu uzohlala uchitha izikali zamaseli, eziningi zazo ezithwala amagciwane. Njengoba umoya ubuyisela inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya zothuli, unikeza abathwali kanye nezimo zokuphila zamagciwane, ngakho-ke umkhathi ungumthombo oyinhloko wamagciwane. Abantu bawumthombo omkhulu wokungcola. Lapho abantu bekhuluma futhi behamba, bakhulula inqwaba yezinhlayiya zothuli, ezinamathela ebusweni bomkhiqizo futhi zingcolise umkhiqizo. Nakuba izisebenzi ezisebenza ekamelweni elihlanzekile zigqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile, izingubo ezihlanzekile azikwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukusakazeka kwezinhlayiya. Izinhlayiya eziningi ezinkulu maduze zizohlala phezu kwento ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, kanti ezinye izinhlayiya ezincane zizowela phezu kwento ngokuhamba kokugeleza komoya. Kuphela lapho izinhlayiya ezincane zifinyelela ekugxiliseni okuthile futhi zihlangene ndawonye lapho zingabonwa ngeso lenyama. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwamakamelo ahlanzekile ngabasebenzi, abasebenzi kufanele balandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo lapho bengena futhi bephuma. Isinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokungena ekamelweni elihlanzekile ukukhumula ijazi lakho ekamelweni lokuqala lokushintsha, ufake ama-slippers ajwayelekile, bese ungena ekamelweni lesibili lokushintsha izicathulo. Ngaphambi kokungena kwishifu yesibili, geza futhi womise izandla zakho egumbini le-buffer. Yomisa izandla zakho ngaphambili nangemuva kwezandla zakho kuze kube yilapho izandla zakho zingamanzi. Ngemuva kokungena egumbini lesibili lokushift, shintsha iziliphu zokuqala zeshifu, ugqoke izingubo zokusebenza eziyinyumba, bese ugqoka izicathulo zokuhlanza zeshifu yesibili. Kunamaphuzu amathathu abalulekile lapho ugqoke izingubo zokusebenza ezihlanzekile: A. Gqoka kahle futhi ungazivezi izinwele zakho; B. Imaski kufanele ivale ikhala; C. Hlanza uthuli ezingutsheni zokusebenza ezihlanzekile ngaphambi kokungena endaweni yokusebenzela ehlanzekile. Ekulawulweni kokukhiqiza, ngaphezu kwezinye izinto ezihlosiwe, kusenabasebenzi abaningi abangangeni endaweni ehlanzekile njengoba kudingekile futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo aziphathwa ngokuqinile. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo kufanele bafune ngokuqinile abaqhubi bokukhiqiza futhi bahlakulele ukuqwashisa ngokuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi abakhiqizayo. Ukungcola komuntu - amagciwane:
1. Ukungcola okukhiqizwa abantu: (1) Isikhumba: Abantu ngokuvamile bakhumula isikhumba sabo ngokuphelele njalo ngemva kwezinsuku ezine, futhi abantu bachitha izingcezu zesikhumba ezingaba ngu-1 000 ngomzuzu (isilinganiso sobukhulu singama-microns angu-30*60*3) (2) Izinwele: Izinwele zomuntu (ububanzi bungaba ama-microns angu-50–100) zilokhu ziwa. (3) Amathe: aqukethe i-sodium, ama-enzyme, usawoti, i-potassium, i-chloride kanye nezinhlayiya zokudla. (4) Izingubo zansuku zonke: izinhlayiya, imicu, i-silica, i-cellulose, amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene namagciwane. (5) Abantu bazokhiqiza izinhlayiya ezingu-10,000 ezinkulu kuno-0.3 microns ngomzuzu lapho besamile noma behlezi.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuhlola yangaphandle kubonisa ukuthi: (1) Egunjini elihlanzekile, lapho izisebenzi zigqoke izingubo eziyinyumba: inani lamagciwane elikhishwayo lapho lisekhona ngokuvamile lingu-10~300/min. Inani lamabhaktheriya akhishwa lapho umzimba womuntu ngokuvamile usebenza ngu-150~1000/min. Inani lebhaktheriya elikhishwa lapho umuntu ehamba ngokushesha lingama-900~2500/min.person. (2) Ukukhwehlela ngokuvamile kungu-70~700/min.umuntu. (3) Ukuthimula ngokuvamile kungu-4000~62000/min.person. (4) Inani lamabhaktheriya akhishwa lapho ugqoke izingubo ezijwayelekile ngu-3300 ~ 62000/min.person. (5) Inani lamabhaktheriya akhishwa ngaphandle kwesifihla-buso: inani lamagciwane akhishwa ngemaski ngu-1:7–1:14.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-05-2025