Ukuzalwa kwendlu yokuhlanza yesimanje kwavela embonini yezempi yangesikhathi sempi. Ngawo-1920, i-United States yaqala ukwethula imfuneko yendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-gyroscope embonini yezindiza. Ukuze kuqedwe ukungcoliswa kothuli oluphuma emoyeni lwamagiya nezinsimbi zendiza, basungule "izindawo zokuhlangana ezilawulwayo" kuma-workshops namalabhorethri, behlukanisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa kwezinye izindawo zokukhiqiza nokusebenza ngenkathi futhi behlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa komoya ohlungiwe njalo. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ubuchwepheshe bezindlu zokuhlanza ezifana nezihlungi ze-hepa zathuthukiswa ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zempi. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko ocwaningweni lokuhlola lwezempi nasekucutshungulweni komkhiqizo ukuze kufezwe ukunemba, ukwenziwa kancane kancane, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, nokwethembeka okuphezulu. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, phakathi neMpi YaseKorea, amasosha ase-US ahlangabezana nokwehluleka kwemishini kagesi okwandile. Ngaphezu kuka-80% wama-radar ahlulekile, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 ama-hydroacoustic positioners ahlulekile, futhi amaphesenti angu-70 emishini kagesi ye-Army ahlulekile. Izindleko zonyaka zokulungisa zidlule ngokuphindwe kabili izindleko zangempela ngenxa yokungathembeki kahle kwengxenye kanye nekhwalithi engahambisani. Ekugcineni, amasosha ase-US ahlonze imbangela eyinhloko njengothuli nezindawo zasefekthri ezingcolile, okubangele izinga lokukhiqiza eliphansi lezingxenye. Naphezu kwezinyathelo eziqinile zokuvala ama-workshops okukhiqiza, inkinga yaxazululwa kakhulu. Ukwethulwa kwezihlungi zomoya ze-hepa kulezi zingxoxo ekugcineni kwayixazulula inkinga, kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwegumbi elihlanzekile lesimanje.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-US yasungula futhi yakhiqiza izihlungi zomoya ze-hepa, okuphawula impumelelo yokuqala enkulu kubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom. Lokhu kuvumele ukusungulwa kwenani lezindawo zokuhlanza izimboni embonini yezempi yase-US kanye nesathelayithi, futhi ngemva kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo okusabalele ekukhiqizeni indiza nemishini yokuhamba olwandle, ama-accelerometer, ama-gyroscope, nezinsimbi zikagesi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom buthuthuka ngokushesha e-US, amazwe athuthukile emhlabeni wonke nawo aqala ukucwaninga nokubusebenzisa. Kuthiwa inkampani yase-US ecitshwayo ithole ukuthi lapho ihlanganisa ama-gyroscopes aqondisayo endaweni yokusebenzela yasePurdy, ukusetshenzwa kabusha kwakudingeka isilinganiso sezikhathi eziyi-120 kuwo wonke amayunithi ayi-10 akhiqizwayo. Lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa endaweni enokungcola okulawulwayo kothuli, izinga lokusebenza kabusha lehla laba kabili nje. Ukuqhathanisa amabheringi e-gyroscope ahlanganiswe ngo-1200 rpm endaweni engenazo izintuli nendawo enothuli (enesilinganiso sezinhlayiyana ezinobubanzi obungu-3μm kanye nenani lezinhlayiyana elingu-1000 pc/m³) kwembula umehluko ophindwe ka-100 esikhathini sokuphila komkhiqizo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kokukhiqiza kwagqamisa ukubaluleka nokuphuthuma kokuhlanzwa komoya embonini yezempi futhi kwasebenza njengamandla okuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile embuthweni wezempi ngokuyinhloko kuthuthukisa ukusebenza nempilo yesevisi yezikhali. Ngokulawula ukuhlanzeka komoya, okuqukethwe kwamagciwane, nokunye ukungcola, ubuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile buhlinzeka ngendawo elawulwa kahle yezikhali, ukuqinisekisa ngempumelelo umkhiqizo womkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukuvikela impilo yabasebenzi, nokuthobela imithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile busetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhungweni zempi nasezilabhorethri ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinsimbi nemishini enembile.
Ukuqubuka kwempi yamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezempi. Le mboni ekhula ngokushesha idinga indawo yokukhiqiza yekhwalithi ephezulu, noma ngabe okokuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukucubungula nokuhlanganisa izingxenye, noma ukuthuthukisa ukwethembeka nempilo yesevisi yezingxenye kanye nemishini ephelele. Izidingo eziphakeme zibekwe ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo, njengokushintshwa okuncane, ukunemba okuphezulu, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buthuthuke kakhulu, ziyaphakama izidingo zokuhlanzeka endaweni yokukhiqiza.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom busetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emkhakheni wezempi ekukhiqizeni nasekugcinweni kwezindiza, imikhumbi yempi, imicibisholo nezikhali zenuzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kwemishini kagesi ngesikhathi sempi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom buqinisekisa ukunemba kwemishini yezempi kanye nokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza ngokulawula ukungcola okuhamba emoyeni njengezinhlayiya, umoya oyingozi, nama-microorganisms, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuthembeka kwemishini.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezindlu zokuhlanza emkhakheni wezempi ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa ukunemba kwemishini, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zikagesi, kanye ne-aerospace. Ngomshini onembile, igumbi lokuhlanza lihlinzeka ngendawo yokusebenza engenalo izintuli neyinyumba, iqinisekisa ukunemba nekhwalithi yezingxenye eziwumshini. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo ludinga amazinga okuhlanzeka aphezulu kakhulu omshini wokunemba nezisetshenziswa zokulawula zikagesi, lapho ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza budlale indima ebalulekile. Ekukhiqizweni kwezinsimbi zikagesi, i-cleanroom yehlisa ngempumelelo izinga lokuhluleka kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Ubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom nabo bubalulekile embonini ye-aerospace. Ngesikhathi semishini yokufika yenyanga ye-Apollo, amathuluzi omshini wokwenza izinto kanye nezisetshenziswa zikagesi azidinganga kuphela izindawo ezihlanzeke kakhulu, kodwa iziqukathi namathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukubuyisa amatshe enyanga nakho bekumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka eziphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokugeleza kwe-laminar kanye negumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 100. Ekukhiqizweni kwezindiza, imikhumbi yempi, nemicibisholo ejikijelwayo, i-cleanroom iphinde iqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezinembayo futhi inciphise ukwehluleka okuhlobene nothuli.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom bubuye busetshenziswe emithini yezempi, ucwaningo lwesayensi, neminye imikhakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba nokuphepha kwemishini nokuhlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, izindinganiso zegumbi lokuhlanza kanye nemishini ihlala ithuthukiswa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezempi kuyakhula.
Ekukhiqizeni nasekugcinweni kwezikhali zenuzi, izindawo ezihlanzekile zivimbela ukusabalala kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha kokukhiqiza. Ukugcinwa kwemishini ye-elekthronikhi: Ezindaweni zokulwa, indawo yokuhlanza isetshenziselwa ukugcina okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi, ukuvimbela uthuli nomswakama ukuthikameze ukusebenza kwayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yezokwelapha: Emkhakheni wezokwelapha wezempi, indawo ehlanzekile iqinisekisa ubunyumba bemishini yezokwelapha futhi ithuthukise ukuphepha kwayo.
Imicibisholo yase-Intercontinental, njengengxenye ebalulekile yamandla eqhinga lesizwe, ukusebenza kwawo nokwethembeka kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuphepha kwezwe namandla okuvimbela. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwenhlanzeko kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni nasekukhiqizeni imicibisholo. Ukungahlanzeki ngokwanele kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwezingxenye zemicibisholo, kuthinte ukunemba kwazo, ukuzinza, kanye neminyaka yokuphila. Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile ezifana nezinjini ezicitshwayo namasistimu okuqondisa, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemicibisholo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwemicibisholo ye-intercontinental, abakhiqizi basebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula inhlanzeko, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwegumbi elihlanzekile, amabhentshi ahlanzekile, izingubo zokugqoka ezihlanzekile, nokuhlanza njalo nokuhlolwa kwendawo yokukhiqiza.
I-cleanroom ihlukaniswa ngokwezinga layo lokuhlanzeka, amazinga aphansi akhombisa amazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka. Amabanga ajwayelekile egumbi lokuhlanza ahlanganisa: Igumbi lokuhlanza lekilasi le-100, elisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni ezidinga ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kakhulu, njengamalabhorethri ezinto eziphilayo. Igumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 1000, elilungele izindawo ezidinga ukulungiswa okunembayo nokukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo ephakathi kwezwekazi; Igumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 10000, elisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezidinga ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, njengokuhlanganiswa kwemishini ye-hydraulic noma yepneumatic. Igumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 10000, lilungele ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi okunembayo okujwayelekile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ICBM kudinga igumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 1000. Ukuhlanzeka komoya kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwama-ICBM, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa nokukhiqizwa kwemishini enemba kakhulu, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-laser nama-chip, ngokuvamile okudinga i-Class 10000 noma i-Class 1000 izindawo ezihlanzeke kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ICBM futhi kudinga okokusebenza kwegumbi elihlanzekile, elidlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zikaphethiloli onamandla amakhulu, izinto eziyinhlanganisela, kanye nokukhiqizwa okunembayo. Okokuqala, uphethiloli onamandla amakhulu osetshenziswa kuma-ICBM ubeka izidingo eziqinile endaweni ehlanzekile. Ukwakhiwa kwezibaseli ezinamandla ezifana ne-NEPE solid fuel (NEPE, ifushane nge-Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), uphethiloli oqinile obhekwe kakhulu onamandla onomfutho othize othize ongu-2685 N·s/kg (okulingana namasekhondi angu-274 amangalisayo). Lesi siphehli soguquko saqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 futhi sathuthukiswa ngobunono yi-Hercules Corporation e-United States. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, kwavela njenge-nitramine eqinile eqinile. Ngokuminyana kwayo okukhethekile, ibe isiphepheli esiqinile esinamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni ukuze isetshenziswe kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.) idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza ukuvimbela ukungcola ukuthi kuphazamise ukusebenza kukaphethiloli. Igumbi elihlanzekile kufanele lifakwe amasistimu okuhlunga komoya asebenzayo kanye nokwelapha, okuhlanganisa izihlungi ze-hepa air (HEPA) kanye ne-ultra-hepa air (ULPA), ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, ama-microorganisms, nezinto eziyingozi. Amafeni namasistimu omoya kufanele agcine izinga lokushisa elifanele, umswakama, nokugeleza komoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lomoya liyahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza. Lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli lubeka izimfuno eziphezulu kakhulu ekwakhiweni komumo wokusanhlamvu (idizayini yokuma kohlamvu iyinkinga eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwenjini yerokhethi eqinile, ethinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kwenjini nokuthembeka. Ijiyomethri yokusanhlamvu kanye nokukhetha kosayizi kufanele kucabangele izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, ukucindezela kwegumbi elivuthayo, kanye ne-thrust) nezinqubo zokusakaza. Indawo ehlanzekile iqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuphepha kukaphethiloli.
Okwesibili, ukwakheka okuyinhlanganisela kwemicibisholo ye-intercontinental nakho kudinga okokusebenza okuhlanzekile. Lapho izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezifana ne-carbon fibre kanye ne-aramid fibre zilukwa ku-casing yenjini, amathuluzi akhethekile nezinqubo ziyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesisindo esincane. Indawo ehlanzekile inciphisa ukungcoliswa phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwempahla akuthinteki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokukhiqiza enembayo yemicibisholo ye-intercontinental nayo idinga okokusebenza okuhlanzekile. Iziqondiso, ukuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo ze-propellant ngaphakathi kwemicibisholo konke kudinga ukukhiqizwa nokuhlanganisa endaweni ehlanzekile kakhulu ukuvimbela uthuli nokungcola ukuthi kuthinte ukusebenza kwesistimu.
Kafushane, okokusebenza okuhlanzekile kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemicibisholo ye-intercontinental. Iqinisekisa ukusebenza nokuphepha kukaphethiloli, izinto zokwakha, namasistimu, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukwethembeka nokusebenza ngempumelelo kokulwa kwayo yonke imicibisholo.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezindlu ezihlanzekile zidlulela ngalé kokuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezempi, i-aerospace, amalabhorethri ebhayoloji, ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip, ukukhiqizwa kwesibonisi sephaneli eyisicaba, neminye imikhakha. Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obusha kwisayensi yamakhompiyutha, isayensi yebhayoloji, kanye ne-biochemistry, kanye nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, imboni yobunjiniyela bezindlu ezihlanzekile emhlabeni wonke isizuze ukusetshenziswa okubanzi nokuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba imboni yezindlu zokuhlanza ibhekene nezinselelo, iphinde igcwaliswe ngamathuba. Impumelelo kulo mkhakha ilele ekuhambisaneni nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusabela ngokuqhubekayo ezinguqukweni zemakethe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-25-2025