Ukuzalwa kwegumbi lokuhlanza lesimanje kwaqala embonini yezempi yesikhathi sempi. Ngawo-1920, i-United States yaqala ukwethula isidingo sendawo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-gyroscope embonini yezindiza. Ukuze kuqedwe ukungcoliswa kothuli oluvela emoyeni lwegiya lezinsimbi zezindiza nama-bearings, basungula "izindawo zokuhlangana ezilawulwayo" ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokukhiqiza kanye nezindawo zokucwaninga, behlukanisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa ama-bearings kwezinye izindawo zokukhiqiza nokusebenza ngenkathi behlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo komoya ohlungiwe. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza njenge-hepa filters bathuthukiswa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zempi. Lobu buchwepheshe babusetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuhlola kwezempi kanye nokucubungula umkhiqizo ukuze kufezwe ukunemba, ukwenziwa kube lula, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngawo-1950, ngesikhathi seMpi yaseKorea, ibutho lase-US labhekana nokwehluleka okukhulu kwemishini kagesi. Ama-radar angaphezu kwama-80% ahlulekile, cishe ama-50% ezindawo zokubeka i-hydroacoustic ahlulekile, kanti ama-70% emishini kagesi yebutho ahlulekile. Izindleko zokugcinwa zonyaka zidlule kabili kunezindleko zokuqala ngenxa yokwethenjwa okungekuhle kwezingxenye kanye nekhwalithi engaguquki. Ekugcineni, ibutho lase-US labona imbangela eyinhloko njengothuli kanye nezindawo zasefektri ezingahlanzekile, okwaholela esilinganisweni esiphansi sesivuno sezingxenye. Naphezu kwezinyathelo eziqinile zokuvala ama-workshop okukhiqiza, inkinga yaxazululwa kakhulu. Ukwethulwa kwezihlungi zomoya ze-hepa kula ma-workshop ekugcineni kwaxazulula inkinga, kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwegumbi lokuhlanza lesimanje.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-US yasungula futhi yakhiqiza izihlungi zomoya ze-hepa, okwaphawula intuthuko yokuqala enkulu kubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom. Lokhu kwavumela ukusungulwa kwezindawo eziningi zokuhlanza zezimboni emikhakheni yokukhiqiza yezempi yase-US kanye neyesathelayithi, futhi kamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwemishini yokuhamba ngezindiza kanye neyokuhamba olwandle, ama-accelerometer, ama-gyroscope, kanye nezinsimbi zikagesi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom buthuthuka ngokushesha e-US, amazwe athuthukile emhlabeni wonke nawo aqala ukucwaninga nokubusebenzisa. Kuthiwa inkampani yemicibisholo yase-US yathola ukuthi lapho kuhlanganiswa ama-gyroscope aqondisa i-inertial endaweni yokusebenzela yasePurdy, ukulungiswa kabusha kwakudingeka isilinganiso sezikhathi ezingu-120 kumayunithi ayi-10 akhiqizwayo. Lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa endaweni enokungcola kothuli okulawulwayo, izinga lokulungiswa kabusha lehliswa laba yizimbili kuphela. Ukuqhathanisa amabheringi e-gyroscope ahlanganiswe ku-1200 rpm endaweni engenalo uthuli kanye nendawo enothuli (enobubanzi obuphakathi kwezinhlayiya ezingu-3μm kanye nenani lezinhlayiya ezingu-1000 pc/m³) kwembule umehluko ophindwe kayi-100 esikhathini sokuphila komkhiqizo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kokukhiqiza kwaqokomisa ukubaluleka kanye nokuphuthuma kokuhlanzwa komoya embonini yezempi futhi kwaba yimbangela yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile empini kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo yezikhali. Ngokulawula ukuhlanzeka komoya, okuqukethwe amagciwane, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, ubuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile buhlinzeka ngendawo elawulwa kahle yezikhali, ukuqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukuvikela impilo yabasebenzi, kanye nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bomoya ohlanzekile busetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zempi nasema-laboratory ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinsimbi nemishini enembile.
Ukuqubuka kwempi yamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthaza intuthuko yemboni yezempi. Le mboni ekhula ngokushesha idinga indawo yokukhiqiza esezingeni eliphezulu, kungaba ukuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukucubungula nokuhlanganisa izingxenye, noma ukuthuthukisa ukuthembeka nokuphila kwenkonzo yezingxenye kanye nemishini ephelele. Izidingo eziphakeme zibekwa ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo, njengokunciphisa i-aturization, ukunemba okuphezulu, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buthuthuke kakhulu, kulapho izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza ziphakama khona.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom busetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezempi ekukhiqizweni nasekugcinweni kwezindiza, imikhumbi yempi, imicibisholo, nezikhali zenuzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kwemishini kagesi ngesikhathi sempi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom buqinisekisa ukunemba kwemishini yezempi kanye nobumsulwa bendawo yokukhiqiza ngokulawula ukungcola okusemoyeni njengezinto ezincane, umoya oyingozi, kanye nama-microorganism, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwemishini kanye nokuthembeka kwayo.
Izicelo zegumbi lokuhlanza emkhakheni wezempi zifaka phakathi imishini enembile, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kagesi, kanye nezindiza. Ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini enembile, igumbi lokuhlanza linikeza indawo yokusebenza engenazintuli futhi engenazinhlayiya, okuqinisekisa ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi yezingxenye zemishini. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokufika enyangeni lwe-Apollo lwaludinga amazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka kwemishini enembile kanye nezinsimbi zokulawula ze-elekthronikhi, lapho ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza budlale indima ebalulekile. Ekukhiqizweni kwemishini kagesi, igumbi lokuhlanza linciphisa ngempumelelo izinga lokuhluleka kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokuhlanza bubalulekile futhi embonini yezindiza. Ngesikhathi sokufika enyangeni ye-Apollo, imishini enembile kanye nezinsimbi zokulawula ze-elekthronikhi azidingi nje kuphela izindawo ezihlanzekile kakhulu, kodwa izitsha namathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukubuyisa amatshe enyanga nawo kwakufanele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka eziphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokugeleza kwe-laminar kanye negumbi lokuhlanza le-Class 100. Ekukhiqizweni kwezindiza, imikhumbi yempi, kanye nemicibisholo, igumbi lokuhlanza liphinde liqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezinembile futhi linciphise ukwehluleka okuhlobene nothuli.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Cleanroom busetshenziswa nakwezokwelapha kwezempi, ocwaningweni lwesayensi, nakweminye imikhakha ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuphepha kwemishini kanye nokuhlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, amazinga kanye nemishini ye-cleanroom kuhlale kuthuthukiswa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo empini kuyanda.
Ekukhiqizweni nasekugcinweni kwezikhali zenuzi, izindawo ezihlanzekile zivimbela ukusabalala kwezinto ezinemisebe futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha kokukhiqiza. Ukugcinwa kwemishini kagesi: Ezindaweni zokulwa, igumbi lokuhlanza lisetshenziselwa ukugcina imishini kagesi, ukuvimbela uthuli nomswakama ukuthi kungathinti ukusebenza kwayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yezokwelapha: Emkhakheni wezokwelapha wezempi, igumbi lokuhlanza liqinisekisa ukungazali kwemishini yezokwelapha futhi lithuthukise ukuphepha kwayo.
Imicibisholo ephakathi kwezwekazi, njengengxenye ebalulekile yamandla esizwe asebenzayo, ukusebenza kwayo nokuthembeka kwayo kuhlobene ngqo namakhono okuphepha kwezwe kanye nokuvimbela. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula ukuhlanzeka kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni nasekukhiqizweni kwemicibisholo. Ukuhlanzeka okunganele kungaholela ekungcoleni kwezingxenye zemicibisholo, okuthinta ukunemba kwazo, ukuzinza, kanye nokuphila kwazo. Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile njengezinjini zemicibisholo nezinhlelo zokuqondisa, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemicibisholo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwemicibisholo ephakathi kwezwekazi, abakhiqizi basebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokulawula ukuhlanzeka eziqinile, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza, amabhentshi ahlanzekile, izingubo zegumbi lokuhlanza, kanye nokuhlanza njalo nokuhlola indawo yokukhiqiza.
I-Cleanroom ihlukaniswa ngokwezinga layo lokuhlanzeka, kanti amazinga aphansi abonisa amazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka. Amazinga ajwayelekile e-cleanroom afaka: I-Cleanroom ye-Class 100, esetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezidinga ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kakhulu, njengezindawo zelebhu zebhayoloji. I-Cleanroom ye-Class 1000, efanelekile ezindaweni ezidinga ukulungiswa kwezinkinga okunembe kakhulu kanye nokukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo yamazwekazi; I-Cleanroom ye-Class 10000, esetshenziswa ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezidinga ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, njengokuhlanganiswa kwemishini ye-hydraulic noma ye-pneumatic. I-Cleanroom ye-Class 10000, efanelekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinsimbi ezijwayelekile ngokunemba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ICBM kudinga indawo yokuhlanza ye-Class 1000. Ukuhlanzeka komoya kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwama-ICBM, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusebenza nokukhiqizwa kwemishini enembile kakhulu, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-laser nama-chip, okuvame ukudinga izindawo ezihlanzekile kakhulu ze-Class 10000 noma ze-Class 1000. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ICBM kudinga nemishini ye-cleanroom, edlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zikaphethiloli onamandla aphezulu, izinto ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nokukhiqizwa okunembile. Okokuqala, uphethiloli onamandla aphezulu osetshenziswa kuma-ICBM ubeka izidingo eziqinile endaweni ehlanzekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamafutha anamandla aphezulu njenge-NEPE solid fuel (NEPE, okufushane ngokuthi i-Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), uphethiloli oqinile onamandla aphezulu ohlonishwa kakhulu one-impulse ethize yethiyori engu-2685 N·s/kg (elingana nemizuzwana engu-274 emangalisayo). Le propellant eguqukayo yaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 futhi yathuthukiswa ngokucophelela yi-Hercules Corporation e-United States. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, yavela njenge-propellant entsha ye-nitramine solid. Ngenxa yobuningi bayo bamandla obungavamile, yaba yi-propellant enamandla aphezulu kakhulu emlandweni womphakathi wokusetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.) idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuhlanzeka kwendawo yokukhiqiza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola ukuthi kungathinti ukusebenza kukaphethiloli. Igumbi lokuhlanza kumele lifakwe izinhlelo zokuhlunga umoya ezisebenzayo kanye nokwelapha, okuhlanganisa izihlungi zomoya we-hepa (HEPA) kanye ne-ultra-hepa air (ULPA), ukuze kususwe izinto ezitholakala emoyeni, ama-microorganism, nezinto eziyingozi. Amafeni nezinhlelo zokupholisa umoya kufanele zigcine izinga lokushisa elifanele, umswakama, kanye nokugeleza komoya ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yomoya ihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza. Lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli lubeka izidingo eziphezulu kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesimo sikakolweni (ukwakheka kwesimo sikakolweni kuyinkinga eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwenjini yerokhethi eqinile, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kwenjini kanye nokuthembeka. I-geometry kakolweni kanye nokukhethwa kosayizi kumele kucabangele izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, ingcindezi yegumbi lokushisa, kanye nokusunduzwa) kanye nezinqubo zokukhipha. Indawo ehlanzekile iqinisekisa ukuzinza kukaphethiloli kanye nokuphepha.
Okwesibili, izimbobo ezihlanganisiwe zemicibisholo ehlanganisa amazwekazi nazo zidinga imishini ehlanzekile. Lapho izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezifana ne-carbon fiber kanye ne-aramid fiber zilukwa embobeni yenjini, kudingeka imishini nezinqubo ezikhethekile ukuqinisekisa amandla ezinto kanye nokukhanya okulula. Indawo ehlanzekile inciphisa ukungcola ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, iqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenza kwezinto akuthinteki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokukhiqiza ngokunemba kwemicibisholo ehlanganisa amazwekazi idinga imishini ehlanzekile. Isiqondiso, ukuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhambisa ngaphakathi kwemicibisholo konke kudinga ukukhiqizwa nokuhlanganiswa endaweni ehlanzekile kakhulu ukuvimbela uthuli nokungcola ukuthi kungathinti ukusebenza kwesistimu.
Ngamafuphi, imishini ehlanzekile ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemicibisholo ehlanganisa amazwekazi. Iqinisekisa ukusebenza nokuphepha kukaphethiloli, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezinhlelo, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukuthembeka nokusebenza kahle kokulwa kwayo yonke imicibisholo.
Izicelo ze-Cleanroom zidlulela ngale kokuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezempi, ezindizayo, emalabhorethri ezinto eziphilayo, ekukhiqizweni kwama-chip, ekukhiqizweni kwezibonisi ze-flat-panel, nakweminye imikhakha. Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obusha kwisayensi yamakhompyutha, i-biology, kanye ne-biochemistry, kanye nentuthuko esheshayo yezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, imboni yobunjiniyela be-cleanroom yomhlaba wonke ithole ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kanye nokuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenkathi imboni ye-cleanroom ibhekene nezinselele, igcwele namathuba. Impumelelo kulo mkhakha ihambisana nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphendula ngenkuthalo ezinguqukweni zemakethe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-25-2025